Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh

Nicole Brittingham March 11, 2013 ART 101-04 Analysis assignment * Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh * This painting was made in 1889 during the postimpressionism era. * Starry Night is about 29†x36† and is made from using oil as a medium on a canvas. * This painting can be categorized as modern art. * Formal analysis * Within the composition of this painting, there is a peaceful village in the foreground and a dramatic night sky in our main viewpoint. There is a church steeple that dominates the village symbolizing unity in the town, and gives the impression of size and isolation.The left foreground has a curvy cypress tree which is usually associated with mourning. * There are many lines throughout this work of art. All of the swirling lines in the sky direct the viewer’s eyes around the painting. The fluid lines throughout the painting enhance the flow of Starry Night well. The curving lines create a sensation of depth in the painting. * The spacing between the s tars and the curving shapes create a dot-to-dot effect, ensuring fluidity. The contoured forms, shapes, and spirals in Starry Night were means of expression and used to convey emotion. The artist applied color in thick, broad, curved strokes to create texture. The texture of the bold brushstrokes, swirling circles, and swoops make the image seem to vibrate on the canvas. * The use of white and yellow colors creates a spiral effect and draws attention to the night sky. The dark blues and greens were complemented with touches of light pastel green showing the reflection of the moon. * The texture within this painting is visually meant to provide the viewer a sense of motion and vibrant light by exaggerating the twinkling of the stars out of realistic proportion.The curvy contoured forms in the sky give the illusion of the wind blowing as well as the curved vertical lines in the tree. * The colors within Starry Night are well balanced because they all flow together. The dominance of th e blue is balanced by the orange and yellow of the night sky elements. * When looking at this painting, the viewer would feel as if they were on top of a hill looking down on a village, making the night sky their direct view. This point of perspective is called linear perspective. * Van Gogh used a great deal of emphasis in the sky.By using bright and vivid colors and swirls around the stars, he exaggerated them making them stand out. * Starry Night has more unity than variety, because everything just flows in this painting and gives you a sense of balance and harmony. * Content Analysis * Starry Night is a painting of a dramatic night sky over a peaceful town. * During the later years of the 19th century, a group of postimpressionists came together to rebel against impressionism because they wanted art to have more focus on the traditional elements.Van Gogh’s painting was created in 1889, and fixated mostly on line and color with symbolism and emotion. * Starry Night was cre ated to be art. Van Gogh expressed himself through his paintings. He once explained in a letter to his brother Theo saying, â€Å"I paint as a means to make life bearable†¦ really we can only speak through our paintings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  * There are many interpretations of Starry Night, and one is that the canvas depicts hope. Van Gogh may have been showing that even with a dark night, it is still possible to see the light in the windows of the houses.Another insight may have been; with shining stars filling the sky, there is always light to guide you. The painting could have also shown the vast power of nature and mankind pointing to the heavens. * During this time period, many artists painted to express their emotions and symbolize what they thought or how they saw things. Postimpressionists thought that impressionist art was too vague, so they felt they need to focus their art on using more elements of art and color.

Corning Incorporated Essay

Corning Incorporated is an American manufacturer of glass, ceramic, and materials for the industrial and scientific applications. It was known as Corning Glass Works in 1875. Its strong commitment to innovation was known as the company’s roots. The company committed between four to six percent of its sales to Research, Development, and Engineering (RD&E). As of today, Corning has been primarily operating from Asia Pacific and North America in five market segments – Display Technologies, Environmental Technologies, Telecommunications, Life Sciences and Specialty Materials and two joint ventures – Dow Corning and Samsung Corning Precision Glass. The company had a history of science-based innovations following World War II and the strategy by management was research and â€Å"disruptive† and â€Å"on demand† product innovation. They have shown many strengths and weaknesses – strong industry recognition with a track record of successful innovatio n, focus on RD&E, diversified product portfolios and balanced revenue streams – narrowing market with intense competition and environmental regulations. With a strong passion for innovation, Corning has been creating many deep technological products to be used as material for other new application such as heat-resistant glass in 1908. In 1912, this product was being reused to develop the shatterproof lanterns for the railroad. Their products were first used for scientific purposes and later for consumer cook-ware products. By realizing the improvement in optical glassmaking, Corning had started to produce the television tubes project and it made the TV affordable to the consumers’ market during 1970s. However, this project considered a steep loss in profit and productivity because of the competition from Japanese imports. Corning went through many changes including lay-offs, selling or closing many plants in order to rebound. The following years, company made a partial recovery. In the late 1990s (the Telecom bubble), there were the unusual high demand for optical fiber in the market. Seeing it as the huge opportunity, the company expanded its originally developed optical fiber operations significantly, and heavily invested in production capacity. Its revenue jumped from $5 billion in 1999 to more than $7 billion in 2000. However, the  collapse in 2000 of the dot-com market had a major impact on the company. The telecom sales dropped to $1.6 billion from $5 billion within six months since July 2001. Once again, Corning had to go into the reorganization phase to dramatically reduce the costs. Since 1950 to 1980, the company introduced many advanced products from ceramic heating resistant shields and glass windshields for Apollo program to the use of fiber optic in telecommunication. In the late 1990s, the company profits increased tremendously during the dot-com boom. Corning From WWI and WWII, Corning developed many deep technological products such as high quality glass with consistent color which can make glass more viable material for new application.

Literary Theme A Worn Path Essay

In â€Å"A Worn Path†, the theme though out the story is about a strong undying love an old woman has for her grandchild. According to Clugston 2010, the theme in a story is associated with an idea that lies behind the story. Every story narrows a broad underlying idea, shapes it in a unique way, and makes the underlying idea concrete. That’s how theme is created. In other words, the theme in a story is a representation of the idea behind the story. While a hard journey for an old woman, a grandmother’s undying love shows the depths she was willing to go to take care of her grandchild. When you love someone, there is no journey too far or too hard when that person is in need. The old woman took that journey to get the medicine needed to help the child. Although the medicine did not helping the child in the past, this woman had hopes that maybe, this time it would, and was willing to go to any length to find out. When it comes to a one’s child or in this case a grandchild, there are no lengths one would not go to make them healthy and happy. Though the story does not tell us where the mother of this child was, it does indicate that the child was depending on his grandmother to help him, and it also seems as though the child was all old Phoenix had, and she did not want to loose him. Any one who has children would do almost anything to protect that child, even if it meant walking miles through the deep woods in the blazing sun to make sure you did everything possible to make that child feel better. This story is about the sacrificial love this grandmother had for her grandson who was sick from swallowing lye and the only way to make his throat feel better was for this old woman to walk miles through treacherous woods to get medicine for him that may or may not work. The story is told in the â€Å"Third–person point of view which occurs when the speaker is not a participant in the story. It has two forms: omniscient point of view and objective point of viewâ€Å" (Clugston 2010, ch 5. 2). This can be seen in the narrator telling the story about an old Negro woman named Phoenix, making a journey to the Dr. ’s office, for her grandson’s medicine. The story is told from a limited omniscient point of view observed here: â€Å"On she went. The woods were deep and still. The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at, up where the wind rocked. The cones dropped as light as feathers. Down in the hollow was the mourning dove– it was not too late for him† (Clugston 2010, ch 6. 3). The point of view affects the narrative theme by the narrator telling what was going on in the old woman’s mind and showing the determination and the deep love she had for her grandson to enable her to brave the harsh elements of the sun and the woods to complete her mission. The point of view gives the reader more insight as to what was going on beyond what was being said, what old Phoenix was thinking. The story also had a lot of symbolism in it and Clugston 2010, tells us that a symbol is something that has a literal identity but also stands for something else—something that is widely understood and has been developed over a long period of time or by common agreement. This second identity (or referent) is always abstract in nature. Some of the symbolism in this story starts off with the old woman’s name, Phoenix, and according to Clugston 2010, a phoenix is a mythical creature that rises from its own ashes, â€Å"Her name was Phoenix Jackson† (Clugston 2010, ch 6. 3). The narrator giving the month of December which is winter, symbolizing death, stagnation and sleep, and considering the old woman’s age, showing that even after such a long journey, she temporarily forgot what she had traveled so far for. The narrator also tells how Phoenix is feeling during a certain point in the journey, â€Å"Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far† (Clugston 2010 ch 6. ), with chains symbolizing a struggle. The oak trees that are spoken about, symbolized strength and wisdom, of which the old woman exhibited both of these traits, â€Å"Now down through oaks† (Clugston 2010 ch 6. 3), â€Å"She passed through the old cotton and went into a field of dead corn† (Clugston 2010 ch 6. 3), as well as the buzzard, also symbols of death. She also drank â€Å"water which symbolizes source of life and regeneration† as noted, â€Å"In a ravine she went where a spring was silently flowing through a hollow log. â€Å"Old Phoenix bent and drank† (Clugston 2010 ch 6. 3). In the end Phoenix did get the medicine and was so happy when she left the Dr. ’s office, she decided to buy the child a little toy from the nickel she found on the ground and the nickel the nurse had given her. She decided to buy her grandson a pinwheel, knowing this was something that would make him happy. The narrator made me feel that the journey home was a much lighter on Phoenix than the one going to the Dr. ’s office, not only because she had the medicine and she accomplished her mission, but also that fact that she was able to come back with a gift for the child, also showing her love for him. Indeed, while a hard journey for an old woman, a grandmother’s selfless undying love shows the depths she was willing to go to show it. When you love someone, there is no journey too far or too hard when the one you love is in need. Though the medicine was not helping the child, this woman had hopes that maybe this time it would, and would go to any length to find out. When it comes to your children or this case a grandchild, there are no lengths you would not go to make them healthy and happy.

Using Simulations in Nursing Education Research Paper

Using Simulations in Nursing Education - Research Paper Example Nursing is not an exception as there are numerous aspects of the study in nursing which cannot be grasped by the students without practical knowledge. Simulation has been used in the nursing domain and health care sector for a long time but there is a need to elevate the frequency and quality of simulation based techniques in nursing in order to completely exploit the benefits (Jun et al., 1999). The three main learning theories which are known as cognitive, social, and constructivist explain the detailed processes through which the learners gain in depth knowledge about any topic while using simulations. This paper will discuss the evidence based depictions generally in health care and then an emphasized study with specific relation to field of Obstetrics, which will explain the effectiveness and importance of using the simulations in nursing education and its positive impact on the patient outcomes. Literature Review The importunate need of the simulation in nursing domain surfaced in late 20th century when the resources were depleting for the health care sector and time restrictions were augmenting. There were loop holes in the skills of the trained nurses which were experienced in the practical fields and the patient outcomes were going through drastic results. ... report, IOM called an emergency meeting of the health sector gurus which passed as resolution with consensus that the human error ratio is because of the weak educational system and the nurses are needed to be equipped with emergency case scenarios and in depth knowledge of different kind of diseases. Simulation provides the best space for the students to learn and practice the medical theories without a fear of harming the patient. Simulation also provides a massive opportunity for the students to test their skills and periodic repetitions of the practical methodological studies. The apprenticeship training processes can be easily performed and the instructors can effectively transmit the changing health patterns to the students by practically showing them the simulations. The sensitivity factors often acts as a major hindrance in the learning process for the nurses (Rutherford-Hemming, 2012). The operative vaginal delivery with forceps and vacuum devices are also being deployed at large in the medical domain of Obstetrics. The neonatal risks are accompanied with the use of vacuum cups, but they are far more efficient in the delivery procedures and are used by a great number of Obstetricians. In the same way some other sectors of Obstetrics such as needle usage amniocentesis and fetal blood sampling  requires a great deal of practice and such cases are not available for the nursing students for practice on hands. Some medics foresaw the importance of simulation in the field of Obstetrics and issues order to embed the low-fidelity models for amniocentesis in the learning and training procedures (Cass et al., 2011). The results were optimal, and patient outcomes were affected in a very positive way after the training and on hands experience of the students on these

Comparative Approaches in Employment Relations Assignment

Comparative Approaches in Employment Relations - Assignment Example termines the country’s labor force and the rate of either employment or unemployment is equally dependent on this vital body in a country’s structure (Bamber, Lansury and Wailes, 2011, 61). The employment relations, also cuts across the way in which the employees are treated by the government and their employers. It also stipulates the way in which the employees can fire their grievances and the rights and privileges entitled to them. However, the HRM and the ER vary from country to country depending on the development status of the nation. It is determined by various factors that hold the country’s GDP and economic status of a country Bamber (2011, 112). Basing our comparison between two nations of different economic status, therefore, it is important to narrow our discussion on Nations of two different classes. That is a developed country and a low developed country or rather an underdeveloped country (Barry, 2011, 91). To begin with, a developed country is a country in which it is has fully or effectively utilized its existing natural resources and whose per capita income is relatively high and most of its citizens are able to acquire or live according to the trends of standards of living. On the other hand, an underdeveloped country is one which has not utilized its existing natural resources, and the level of standards of living is low. The GDP of such a country is too low, and the per capita income is also too low. To consider and compare the HRM and ER in such countries has a number of factors to consider. In a developed country such as Australia, which has a stable economy and a high GDP, the human resource management is well established. Australia is known to be the twelfth nation in the economic power as far as GDP is concerned as well as total wealth of 6.4 trillion dollars. It has a population which is approximately 23.13 million, and the labor force is approximately 12.15 million. In such a country, the levels of employment are high. In such a

Obesity Epidemic Its Link with Physical Inactivity and Lack of Research Paper

Obesity Epidemic Its Link with Physical Inactivity and Lack of Exercise - Research Paper Example This essay "Obesity Epidemic – Its Link with Physical Inactivity and Lack of Exercise" describes how inactivity or lack of exercise contributed to the obesity epidemic in our country. Surveys have shown that more than 1 in 3 Americans have excess body fat (Collins). Not only are the rates of obesity high but also are the amounts of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. Data from CDC (2014) shows that in 2013, only 29% of children from high school had participated in physical activity for a minimum of 60 minutes per day on each of the seven days before the survey was conducted. The data also showed that about 15.2% students from high school had not participated in any kind of phsycial activity for 60 or more minutes on any day during the seven days prior to the survey. The CDC (2014) states that with age, the participation of young people in physical activity declines. Furthermore, its survey has shown that less than half of the students from high school attended physical education classes in an average week. Studies have shown that leisure activity and sports levels have remained stable worldwide but these leisure activities represent only a minor portion of the total levels of daily physical activity. The physical activity associated with transportation, home and work has reduced due to social changes, technological advancements and economic development (Harvard School of Public Health). While in 1950 in the USA, 30% Americans worked in occupations involving high activity, the percentage dropped to 22% in 2000.

Effective Crisi Communications (thesis) Thesis Proposal

Effective Crisi Communications ( ) - Thesis Proposal Example Depending on the situation, it is crucial that each organization involved in handling such situations is well aware of their next step to keep panic from spreading in public. In order to deal with a crisis situation many factors and issues need to be given consideration, for instance, how to communicate the situation to the general public without alarming. In this case, media plays an important role, so it needs to be given appropriate information by the organization (Coombs, 2007). The present paper focuses on how to effectively deal with crisis situations. The paper takes into consideration various crisis situations from the past and provides an analysis on how they were managed and what could have been done to better manage them. Moreover, the paper discusses each step of crisis management plan in detail and how to best implement it. The paper discusses the dos and don’ts of crisis management and also presents the consequences of taking bad decisions in such situation. Anot her important factor in crisis management, which is often sidelined, is the image of the organization managing the crisis. When planning for crisis management, it is important to keep in mind the public image of the organization, i.e. how will the general public perceive the actions taken by the organization in a crisis situation. Taking wrong decisions can tarnish the image of an organization in seconds. The organization may recover from the physical and economical harm done to it but the tarnished image will be difficult to fix, as those bad decision will be remembered and used as examples for years to come. The paper focuses on both economical and natural disasters and the role of both, the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions in a crisis situation. The changes made in the methods of dealing with crisis management are also discussed in the paper. In order to successfully explore all these topics related to crisis management, the following

Modern japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern japan - Essay Example One of the greatest contributions of translation was based on the fact that it ensured that Japan ended up having a large number of technicians and skilled workers who were instrumental in ensuring that the country was industrialised. These individuals were highly educated in their skills through the translated works of European and North American industry and it is these works that were taught at the local institutions of education; making it possible for Japanese workers to gain the skills necessary for them to carry out the activities that brought about industrialisation. Furthermore, the leaders of the country, many of whom were the drivers of industrialisation, were former students at the Tokyo Imperial University, among whose specialty was the translation of western works and adapting them to Japanese. It was through the effort to translate Western works that Japan was able to develop a modern system of education that was necessary in the overall modernisation of the country. This new form of education encouraged virtues among students that ensured that there were less divisions within society based on class. It is through the use of translated works that the people of Japan, who had essentially gone through the same system of education, irrespective of social status or background, shared common ideas as well as creating an environment that was conducive enough for nationalism to develop.1 Under these circumstances, the society came to encounter less friction based on class and instead there was a renewed focus on how to achieve greater national success. Therefore, the country was able to leave behind the petty clan feuds that had plagued it for centuries and to develop itself into a modern, self-sufficient state. In a bid to ensure that it was able to modernise itself and develop into an industrial power, Japan sent some of its students

Procurement assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Procurement assignment - Case Study Example When it comes to getting goods, raw materials and other kinds of specialized services, these organizations tends to rely on the process of procurement, in order to get the best suppliers for the intended services and goods needed for the success of their business goals and objectives (Amaratunga & Baldry 2002, p. 45). The procurement process, as used in such organizations refers to the act of acquiring services, goods and different kinds of works from external sources different from the business. In the process of procurement, it is very important that those particular goods and services as well as other kinds of works be very appropriate, being procured from the best and favorable costs that are according to the needs of the business organisation with respect to their quality and quantity standards. A procurement process that is professionally done enhances success in business functions, something that later becomes a competitive strategy for the particular businesses (Sekaran 2003, p. 23). Public and corporate bodies often define procurement as the processes aimed at promoting open and fair competition for their particular businesses while minimizing exposures to instances of fraud and collisions. This paper examines the process of procurement as done by an engineering firm that was seeking the services of oil explorers in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is one of largest countries in Europe, being estimated to have a size that is almost equivalent to that of Western Europe. The country comprises of a highly varied landscape that stretches all the way from the mountainous sections found to the east, going all the way to the vast lowlands that are energy rich to the west. Additionally, it includes the largely industrialized northern lands with their cold climates that go all the way to the steppes of the semi-desert of the central belt, all the way to the very fertile grasslands found to the south. Kazakhstan is a

EMPHYSEMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EMPHYSEMA - Essay Example The alveoli over-inflate and eventually burst and blend to form fewer larger air sacs, reducing the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. This significantly impairs oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and the sufferer will have to breathe faster and heavier to compensate for this. Over the years the lungs also become less elastic as the tissue is destroyed due to chemical imbalance and this reduces their efficiency. (Wright, 2007) In fact, nearly 85% of all the cases found have been among cigarette smokers in their 50s or 60s, however, cigar and pipe smokers are also at risk. It has been found that tobacco smoke may damage the elastic fibers that make up the walls of the alveoli cells. This loss of elasticity leads to the retention of air in the lungs, expansion of the rib cage, and the flattening of the diaphragm. Normally, through contraction and relaxation, the diaphragm does most of the work when it comes to breathing. But when it remains flattened due to the effects of the smoke on the alveoli, muscles in the rib cage and abdomen take over the bulk of the work. Greater reliance on these muscles is a less efficient and more tiring way of breathing. (Lucey, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emphysema can also be contracted through genetics. An inherited deficiency of a protein known as alpha1-antitrypsin (ATT), which protects the lungs from destructive enzymes, also can cause emphysema, especially in people younger than fifty. Cases of hereditary emphysema are rare but are still a cause for concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a person is having difficulty in breathing or experiencing difficulty in tolerating even mild exercise, they should consult a doctor. The doctor will make a diagnosis of emphysema based on the following factors: the patients symptoms, medical history, results from lung function tests, findings on chest x-rays, and whether or not an increase in chest size has occurred.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common symptoms of emphysema

Why being on time is important Essay Example for Free

Why being on time is important Essay Being on time is one of the most basic, yet most important things about what we do, as Marines, and Military Policemen. Most Marines understand this concept and are able to comply willfully and promptly due to the extent they have been taught regarding the importance of being on time and the punishment that can follow a more than tardy arrival. Tardiness in the workplace is a correctable issue and majority of the time is nothing more than a seldom occurrence. Some particular occasions however, become more than just the scarce problem that it should be. When this becomes less than an uncommon problem, people begin to take notice. The most important part of any occupation is reliability. People need to be able to view you as more than a mediocre character that stumbles to work subsequently behind every other co-worker. they need to see you as a person that they can entrust their life to, whether that situation arises or not. They need to regard you as a trustworthy, well put together person; a well put together Marine. The Marines is not a place for play. It is not. It is a place for america’s men and women alike to join together and construct an unstoppable effort for the good of this country and a harsh unforgiving authority for our enemies. When a Marine looks in the mirror, that is exactly what they should gaze upon; A Marine. Arriving late, last minute, or unprepared are not attributes that compose a Marine. Being early, well prepared, and enthusiastic to initiate the day are qualities a Marine should have. Not having these aspects can account for many consequences, and whom is ultimately accountable for ones own behavior? It’s not your command who tells you that you are at fault, it’s you. All Marines being on time, as opposed to a belated appearance, is great for unit moral as well. it helps the unit work together due to the fact that everyone feels like they are putting forth an equal, and combined effort towards their common objective. A unit with 1 or more Marines battling an issue with tardiness is likely to have a lessened performance when being  exposed to that Marine, or Marines. The concept will spread; if that marine can be late every day, so can I. This type of ideology can take a drastic toll on the total effectiveness of the unit and cannot be tolerated. The productivity of any given unit with problem Marines, can and will immensely decrease causing Marines and co-workers alike, to be less encouraged to do their job to the best of their abilities. And instead, master the art of just getting by. This is why remaining on schedule is one of the most important parts of your daily routine. And if you are reading this and feel like everything written here doesn’t really apply to you, then I suppose you dont have much to worry about.

The Physiology of Fitness Essay Example for Free

The Physiology of Fitness Essay What is an acute response? An acute response is an immediate response to exercise. Acute exercise will last throughout the full length of your training session. During the training session our bodies begin to respond to the exercises we are doing and begin to feel the changes within our bodies and mind due to physical strain and stress of the physical activity in lots of different ways. Musculoskeletal response Increased blood supply: the increased blood supply occurs in the body due to the increase in demand for more oxygen and this is due to the working muscles needing more oxygen and energy during exercise. With there been an increase in blood supply that means there will be greater amounts of oxygen been delivered around the body at a faster speed due to the heart pumping blood around the body at a faster pace. Increase in muscle pliability: Muscle pliability is the stretchiness of your muscles and connective tissues. When muscles become warm they become more pliable and this helps reduce the risk of an individual becoming injured during exercise and this is because the muscles contract quickly when the body is exercising. When the muscles are contracting they produce heat which then a=makes the muscle more pliable. The warmer the muscle becomes the further you can stretch it each time without the muscle becoming weakened or injured. Increased range of movement: Synovial fluid is the result of joint movement and allows joints to move without them rubbing together and causing friction. During exercise joint changes occur and this is because the synovial fluid becomes less viscous (the measure of thickness of a fluid) so therefore the range of movement at the joint will increase. Muscle fibre micro tears: When muscles are put under pressure whilst exercising tiny tears occur. These tears within the muscles cause swelling, which then puts pressure on the nerve endings which causes a lot of pain. To help strengthen the muscles and help repair the micro tears you need to rest and you can strengthen the muscles  by training. Energy systems Everything in our bodies requires energy and our body mainly needs energy to move. Energy can be generated in different ways and this is depending upon the duration or intensity of the exercise that the individual is performing. Phosphocreatine: The ATP-PC system can also been known as the alactic acid system. During exercise the ATP-PC energy system works between 1-10 seconds long it usually consists of different sport activities like: high jumpers, long jumpers, javelin and shot putters. This energy system doesn’t produce lactic acid and it works without oxygen. When the body has been doing exercise your body uses the energy source ATP. When ATP has been used within the body this energy system is the first fuel to be called upon the body to resynthesize ATP. ATP-PC utilizes Phosphatecreatine and this then allows high intensity muscle contractions. The maximum storage this energy can take up without the individual training is less than 8 seconds in duration. So this means tha t this energy system can work at a high intensity but only for a short period of time! There are ways in which Creatine phosphate (CP) can be increased within the human body and that is through training. By training levels of CP will increase by: †¢Speed training †¢Creatine loading Both of these delay the use of the lactic anaerobic system but even though it delays it still gives 15 seconds of energy stored in the body. The ATP is stored in the muscle and liver and this can produce energy quickly. Nerve impulses in the body trigger the breakdown of ATP into ADP, however for this to continue ad for the body to continue to use this energy system, the ATP must be resyntesized /rebuilt and this comes from the splitting of phosphocreatine. When the ATP is used, it is rebuilt but this will only happen as long as there is phosphocreatine available within the body. Energy is released from the phosphocreatine breaking off and from this it resynthesizes in the mitochondria and the ADP adds on the phosphate to remake ATP. The ATP-P system doesn’t provide a lot of energy but it is used for quick and powerful movements. For example: A 100m runner would use the ATP-PC system due to the fact that the athlete would need a short powerful burst of movement to be able to get off the blocks quickly. Another example  of this energy is for a shot putter. They would use this energy system because they don’t need a lot of energy for their sport, all they need is a short powerful burst of energy to be able to get a strong, powerful thrown and to be able to throw the shot-putt a long way. All these different sporting examples last up to 8-10 seconds and this is the energy production. The speed of energy production for Phosphocreatine is very fast, although the amount of ATP produced is very limited. The time it takes to recover from the ATP-PC energy system is 30 seconds up to 4 minutes. The phosphocreatine works when your body is working at high intensity at around 90-100%. The strengths of the Phosphocreatine system is because the source is stored in the muscles and liver so it can produce energy very quickly using a short burst. This means that there will be a higher force of contraction. There are also no waste products within this system. Another advantage/strength of this energy system is the recovery time. Phosphocreatine recovery time is shorter than the others which mean that the athlete can perform the event again quickly. For example: shot putters use this energy system because they have to perform 3 throws within a short period of time, so because the recovery time is between 30 seconds to 3 minutes this is the perfect energy system due to the fact they need to recover quickly to be back to their top level of performance. To improve the force of contraction, an athlete should do plyometric training and Creatine loading, this will increase powerful movements. There are some weaknesses of the Phosphocreatine system and there are: the amount of ATP that is produced is limited. It is limited due to the Creatine been stored in the muscles and liver. Although it gives a short burst of energy it only lasts around 8 seconds which is a weakness if it is used for endurance events because it wouldn’t be able to produce an explosive and powerful movement. A marathon runner wouldn’t be able to use this Phosphocreatine system because it only releases a short burst of energy of about 8 seconds whereas marathon runners need to use the aerobic energy system because the duration is unlimited and the oxygen will never run out. Lactic acid: This energy system is used without using any oxygen. It is used for activities that use large amounts of energy over a short period of time. The glycogen stored in the muscles helps the breakdown of ATP to become ADP  with no oxygen involved. Seen as though the glycogen is stored in the muscles and liver it is available quickly. This system provides ATP when ATP-PC runs out. ATP-PC lasts for a few seconds; the lactic acid system is an anaerobic energy system which allows 2-3 minutes of work. In the lactic acid system the process to produce ATP is not as fast as ATP-PC which makes contractions slower. When oxygen is not present the end product of glycolysis is lactic acid this causes the muscles to fatigue. Anaerobic glycolysis but it is then less efficient in producing ATP than aerobic glycolysis but is needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes. The speed of the energy production in the Lactic acid system is fast, the energy source is glycogen. Although the amount of ATP produced is limited. Lactic acid is the by product in the production of waste products. This anaerobic energy system is used when the body is working at a moderate intensity of 60-95%. The length of time it takes to recover when the Lactic acid system has been used is 20 minutes up to 2 hours. For example: This energy system would be used for events and sports such as 800m, football and rugby games. The Lactic acid energy system would be used when an athlete is performing the 800m because you need a large burst of energy but you need it to last for a few minutes, as you do for a football, rugby game. Although all these sports would use all of the energy systems in some form. You would also use this anaerobic energy system for football/rugby game because the glycogen is stored in the muscle and liver so it is available quickly and the time is takes to recover is short so it can keep replenishing itself throughout the game. The strengths of the Lactic acid system is that is produces energy quickly, compared to the aerobic system because that releases energy slowly but lasts for an unlimited duration whereas the lactic acid system is a high intensity but for a long duration. This system lasts longer than the Phosphocreatine system because the lactic acid system uses glycogen stores which aid the resynthesis of ATP. The weaknesses of this system are that it doesn’t last as long as the aerobic energy system because the glycogen stores are limited which means it doesn’t produce energy for as long. Another disadvantage is that it causes lactic acid within the muscles which causes muscle soreness and fatigue which could lead to a drop in intensity. Aerobic: The aerobic energy system is the energy system that uses oxygen; it uses large muscle groups continuously over a period of time. Aerobic glycolysis and fatty oxidation is the resynthesis of ATP from carbohydrates and fat. Aerobic glycolysis uses glucose from the stores of the body. Glucose and oxygen are transported by the working muscles by the blood. These substances are then used by the body to produce energy. These substances are then used by the body to produce energy. This process creates the by-products carbon dioxide and water. This energy system is used for intensity exercise because this system uses oxygen. This allows unlimited duration at low intensity. Aerobic energy system uses long chain stores of glucose, this then break up further into glucose which is then used as a fuel within the body. This happens through the process of glycolysis and then in to the Krebs cycle where here it completes the oxidation of glucose, this creates more ATP. The chemical process in which it goes through, an aerobic glycolysis occurs is when Creatine Phosphate runs out, the muscles call upon the stores of glucose (glycogen). This system creates a waste product which is called Pyruvic acid. The body deals with this by the oxygen breaking down the Pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water. However if activity levels are too intense and not enough oxygen can be inspired then the Pyruvic acid is not broken down and it then converts into lactic acid. The speed of energy production for the aerobic energy system is slow but the amount of ATP that is produced is unlimited. This is why this energy system is used for marathon runners and cross country runners because they need to use large muscle groups within their body but for a long period of time. They also use this system because the amount of oxygen produced is unlimited so they can produce energy forever and ever without the oxygen never running out. This is why the lactic acid system and Phosphocreatine system isn’t used for long distance runners because the oxygen will run out. The advantages of the anaerobic energy system are that the system will work for an unlimited period providing glycogen stores and oxygen with high enough levels. This system lasts longer than the other two which allows an athlete to maintain high workloads for longer period of time. Another advantage would be that it can respond to high workloads much more quickly than the aerobic system meaning it can last for longer periods of time. Furthermore the anaerobic energy system is capable of supplying fuel to the cells even  when there is an oxygen deficit, which means that even when there is low oxygen the cells will still get some energy. The disadvantages of the anaerobic system are the fact that due to the lack of oxygen, glycolysis takes place which is catabolic (destructive) to the muscle cells if the process continues for too long. Lactate and hydrogen ions are produced. The lactate is used to continue energy production (current theory), while the hydrogen ions irritate the muscle tissue and chemically limit muscle contraction. This creates the burning sensation and the heavy wooden feeling in the muscles. Another disadvantage to this energy system would be that the system cannot supply energy for extended periods. When fully trained, an athlete can sustain sub anaerobic threshold intensities for 1 to 1.5 hours. Fuel resources are used up very rapidly and the body cannot synthesize fats and protein quickly enough to supply this system so, glycogen and carbohydrates must be used. Energy continuum: The term energy continuum is used to describe the types of energy system that are used during various physical activities. Energy is obtained through food and this is particularly carbohydrates and fats. This energy is transferred from the food into the proteins that are in the muscles. By the body doing this it will help determine the capacity at which intensity the body will exercise for. †¢The energy continuum is the interaction of the 3 energy systems to provide energy to resynthesize ATP. It shows the predominant system or percentage of each system dependant on their intensity and duration of the activity. †¢The most dominant energy system within our bodies would be the ATP/PC. At the beginning of exercise all three energy systems start however as we begin to exercise the PC (Phosphate Creatine) is used up meaning the lactic acid system then takes over. After this (depending on the intensity of the activity), the lactic acid/aerobic energy system is reached between 1-3 minutes. The aerobic system now becomes the main provider of energy for the ATP resynthesis. Describe the cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses to acute exercise Heart rate anticipatory response: This means the rate that the heart reaches before the start of exercise. When the body knows that it’s about to do exercise, the heart rate increases even though no exercise has  been done yet. Nerves release chemicals in the body which adjust the heart rate to increase the heart rate. This is because the body knows exercise is about to be done therefore the heart rate increases pumping more oxygenated blood to the muscles ensuring that the muscles already have a sufficient supply of oxygen for when they begin to exercise. Activity response: The activity response is very similar to the heart rate anticipatory response. At the start of exercise, nerves in the medulla detect cardiovascular activity. The nerves then send out chemical signals which increase the heart rate and the strength at which the heart is pumping. This makes more blood travel to the working muscles faster which is vital as the blood contains oxygen which ensures the muscles can carry on working. Regional blood flow is also altered to meet the requirements of blood needed at working places. This means that the working areas such as the quadriceps when running will have a higher blood flow coming to it than un-working areas such as the kidneys. Increased blood pressure: There are two types of blood pressure and these are known as systolic and diastolic. One of the body’s acute responses to exercise is to increase the blood pressure. This is because the demand for oxygenated blood to the working muscles increases therefore the amount and speed of the blood going to the working muscles must also increase. There are mechanisms in place which prevent blood pressure getting too high as this can cause a heart attack and possible death. Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction is when the body notices a change in temperature and begins become to come cold and it does certain things to ensure the body doesn’t lose too much heat. The blood vessels of the body constrict which means they decrease in size and this ensures as much heat as possible remains in the body as there is a smaller surface area and the blood flow decreases. Vasodilatation: Vasodilatation is one of the mechanisms the body has in place to ensure it remains at a safe temperature. It is the opposite of vasoconstriction in the way that vasodilatation functions to cool the body down. When the body notices the temperature is too high, the blood vessels will dilate which means to increase in size in an attempt to increase the blood flow. The larger surface area allows more heat to diffuse out of the body and therefore cools the body down. Control of breathing (neural): When an individual is doing exercise their body  needs more oxygen to be brought into our to the fact the demand for oxygen increases from the working muscles in order to carry on working. This is why our breathing rate increases when we are doing exercise. More oxygen is brought in by the increased breathing rate which goes on to be diffused into the blood and transported to the working muscles. If breathing rate didn’t increase, there wouldn’t be enough oxygen to meet the demands of the working muscles and exercise wouldn’t be able to take place. Control of breathing (chemical): Within our bodies there are things called chemoreceptors and these are what help to detect an imbalance of carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Chemoreceptors are hydrogen ions that measure the pH levels of the blood. If something is not right, this hydrogen ion can tell the breathing rate to increase to ensure that the blood becomes neutral again. Increased tidal volume: Tidal volume is the measure of the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath we take. During exercise, the tidal volume increases a significant amount. This increase happens as the breathing rate has to meet the huge demands of oxygen needed by the respiring muscles. The increase of the tidal volume allows a bigger intake of oxygen and also a bigger exhale of carbon dioxide which is produced by the working muscles and needs to be out of the body as it is a waste product.

Effect of Visual and Auditory Stimuli on Heart Rate

Effect of Visual and Auditory Stimuli on Heart Rate Introduction Humans, despite being a part of animal family do not behave similar to most of the species. The way to produce a movement is longer and more complex, simply because we undertake a lot of action consciously, or at least we think so. Although we do not know how many of the adjustments and decisions, we make in order to survive, are conscious, it is the complex thinking process that distinguishes us clearly from the rest of the species. In some situations that demand high-alertness we can still see the primitive, almost animal-like side of ourselves. We can perceive that clearly through functions that physiologically manifest our emotional expression, such as mobilizing muscles and glands and having our sensory systems on alert (Lang and Bradley, 2010). These physiological responses can tell us a lot about the experienced emotions. Each emotion is â€Å"goal-oriented†, hence we see the classic â€Å"fight or flight† sympathetic and â€Å"rest and digest† parasympath etic autonomic responses, which prepare the body to undertake a particular action (Stemmler, 2004). However, we learned how to regulate our own emotions by thinking in specific ways, to feel safe and secure. In order to investigate emotion-regulation and learning in high-alertness situations, the emotion has to be induced in the subject. This can be done through various means, one of which is conditioning. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a model system to study the neural mechanisms of associative learning and memory, which has been widely used for the past few decades. This type of learning uses a conditioned stimulus (CS) and pairs it with an irritating, unconditional stimulus (UCS). The outcome of this form of learning is typically a behavioural conditional response which demonstrated itself by eliciting reaction to the CS presented alone. Many evidences in non-human studies confirm that animals are able to learn the association between the CS and UCS. (Davies, 2000; LeDoux,2000; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005). The process of â€Å"unlearning† the conditioned association human learned to self-regulate the unwanted emotions; to suppress a previously learned fear. Fear extinction thus, refers to decrement in conditioned fear responses that we observe while a person is presented with repetition of a conditioned fear stimulus (Milad and Quirk, 2012). Otherwise, it is as a gradual process of erasing the initial association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus by showing the conditioned stimulus repeatedly on its own (Pavlov, 1927).These days, however, scientists are sceptical on whether the extinction erases the initial association or rather forms a completely new association that inhibits the expression of the conditioned memory. While many researchers interested in fear extinction see the advantage of using the electric shock as the UCS paired with CS there is a good amount of studies providing the evidence that an auditory stimulus can also be a powerful unconditioned stimulus (Lang and Bradley, 2000; Baumgartner et al., 2006b). Baumgartner et al. (2006b) showed increased activity in emotion processing brain structures when visual, emotional stimuli were combined with congruent musical excerpts compared to visual stimuli alone. The subjective and psychological variables between modalities were compared to find out that the level of involvement was higher for music than for pictures. However, the subjectively experienced emotion overlapped better with the intended emotion for pictures than for music. In terms of modality, the sound and images are very different. What is also different is that the sound lacks the clear meaning, which images convey almost immediately. In 2000, Bradley and Lang developed IADS, a database containing auditory stimuli rated for arousal, valence, and dominance. The relatively short musical excerpts carry clear inherent meaning (e.g., scream, the sound of a cheering crowd, or a gun shot). The sounds from IADS, as it was found by Bradley and Lang (2000) themselves, produced similar re actions to visual stimuli from IAPS. In the current study, we aim to induce an emotional state of fear by presenting neutral visual stimuli (CS, yellow or blue square) paired with the auditory stimuli (UCS, scream) eliciting specific arousal levels in blocks. in a laboratory setting, we examine heart rate variability and skin conductance using the information about the onset of the stimulus. The advantage of a quiet booth over the loud fMRI when taking simple physiological measures are multiple. First of all, the booth represents a more natural environment resembling a simplistic version a smaller size room. Participants are in a seated position, which is also a natural position for them to be in. These two factors draw out the preliminary stress associated with the unusual, unnatural setting of studies done in the scanner. Second of all, the quality of the EDA and EEG often contain heavy noises obtained due to magnetic force which disrupts the functioning of the measurement devices. Thus, measuring these indexes of physiological activity outside the scanner almost guarantees an output free of magnetic force contamination. To summarize, in the current study, we use blocks of bimodal stimuli to induce certain arousal levels. We determine effects of the paired stimulus valence and arousal, as well as their interaction, on pulse-derived interbeat interval and skin conductance. The following section explains the principles behind the dependent variables in the current study (pulse-derived IBI and skin conductance) in a form of a short overview. Specifically, it shows how these variables can be affected by emotional stimuli in valence- and arousal-related studies. CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURES Activation and suppression of sympathetic and parasympathetic system can both affect the heart rate and its variability, which can be divided into three frequency bands. Three main sources are reflected through these bands (Veltman and Gaillard, 1998): slow changes (0.02-0.06 Hz), mid-range changes (0.07-0.14 Hz) and fast changes (0.15-0.50 Hz). There are specific processes that cause each of those changes. Temperature regulation cause slow changes; resonance in the veins caused by the blood pressure regulation is related to mid-range changes; and breathing reflects the fast changes. All three bands reflect the effects of parasympathetic system, but only rhe slow and mid frequency bands show the effects of sympathetic system (Berger et al., 1989). Heart rate adapts to the blood pressure when in resting condition. However, some particular circumstances, such as mental workload during a difficult task, can lessen this adaption, which can be reflected through decreasing heart rate variability (Aasman et al., 1987). Heart rate measures can be affected by the sympathetic as well as parasympathetic system and other physiological processes. Heart rate acceleration was positively correlated with recall of both pleasant and unpleasant memories (Rainville et al., 2006). This suggests that arousal influences heart rate. Heart rate deceleration was also found to be greater for high arousal unpleasant sounds in comparison with low arousal unpleasant sounds (Bradley and Lang, 2000). In the recent paper by Chandola et al. (2010) reviewing studies that examined the heart rate variability and work stress association, work stress was associated with lower heart rate variability. A recent review on studies that examined the association of heart rate variability and work stress concluded that reported work stress is associated with lower heart rate variability  (Chandola et al., 2010). Studies on heart rate variability and emotions are mostly dealing with fear or anxiety (George et al., 1989; Friedman and Thayer, 1998; Rao and Yeregani, 2001) where heart rate variability decreases with increased levels of fear. In a study where participants relived emotions, Rainville et al. (2006) found that besides fear, also sadness and happiness decreased high frequency heart rate variability. In contrast to these studies that suggest a negative relation between heart rate variability and arousal, studies in which emotional visual stimuli were used, report increased heart rate variability for erotic images (Ritz et al., 2005) as well as for aversive visual stimuli (Sokhadze, 2007). Whereas studies on mental workload focus their analyses on midfrequency heart rate variability (reflecting both sympathetic and parasympathetic control), studies on emotions focus on the high  frequency band (only parasympathetic). SKIN CONDUCTANCE Electrical skin conductance varies with the moisture level of the skin. Since the sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic part of the autonomous nervous system (Roth, 1983), skin conductance measures can be taken to indicate arousal. Indeed, a large number of studies found an increase in skin conductance with arousal (independent of valence) (Tucker and Williamson, 1984; Winton et al., 1984; Greenwald et al., 1989; Bradley et al., 1990; Tremayne and Barry, 1990, 2001; Cook et al., 1991; Boucsein, 1992, 1999; Barry and Sokolov, 1993; Khalfa et al., 2002). As Table 1 in Chanel et al. (2009) indicates, skin conductance measures are perhaps the most popular physiological signal in studies trying to classify emotional states on the basis of (neuro)physiological signals. Arousal seems more closely associated with increases in skin conductance than heart rate (Barry and Sokolov, 1993; Croft et al., 2004; Wilkes et al., 2010). Skin conductance responses vary with rated arousal in emotional/neutral picture viewing tasks (Lang et al., 1993, 1998; Greenwald et al., 1989). AIM AND HYPOTHESIS We here test whether within a single group of observers rather than different groups, unpleasant sound, and neutral pictures combined will have an effect on physiological responses. Specifically, we predict for physiological responses to increase during the unpleasant sound. Moreover, we investigate whether elicited emotions (ratings) and their physiological correlates (skin conductance, pulse-derived IBI) when only the visual stimulus is present (blue or yellow square). We predict heart deceleration and increase in skin conductance response to paired stimulus (visual (blue or yellow square)+ audio (unpleasant sound)) in the learning phase. Our second prediction states that this association will be erased during the extinction phase when the stimulus (visual (blue or yellow square)) will be repetitively shown alone.

Kenneth Branaughs Hamlet or William Shakespeares Hamlet? Essay

Kenneth Branaugh's Hamlet or William Shakespeare's Hamlet? Kenneth Branaugh may have had the script of William Shakespeare's Hamlet spoken down to every last thee and thou, but one must remember that this is Hamlet through Branaugh's eyes, not Shakespeare's. Therefore, dismissing obvious additions made for adapting the play to film, such as having a real castle instead of a stage, it is possible to observe the unique characters, interpretations, actions, and setting that make this version the director's own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the time of Shakespeare, one of the actors main challenges was to use the words to paint the scene for the audience, since, for the most part, they were looking at a bare stage. However, this use of imagination and portrayal is no longer needed when the script is brought to film. Every pearl and snowflake have been placed strategically before the audience, so that there is no need to listen to the language to create your own vision of Hamlet's world. Branaugh's world is full of lavish affairs, freezing winters, and halls of mirrors. The use of the camera has some definite advantages and disadvantages. First, since the characters are no longer limited by a defined space, they are able to deliver their long speeches while being in a constant state of motion. This occurs in the scene with the guards, and most noticeably in the scene with Laertes and Ophelia, before he leaves for France. This same scene demonstrates how the camera enables the characters to switch from one setting to the next, as when Laertes, Ophelia, and Polonius are taken from outside to the church. This, in turn, helps Branaugh set the scene for Ophelia and Polonius, in which, Ophelia confesses everything to her father, perhaps only because she is in a confession booth. Filming also allows for clarification of what is being said through silent plays. During characters' dialogue, the scene switches to actions of the past, present, and even to things that could happen. This seems to be used to give the audience a better understanding of what is happening, and it also helps to further develop the characters so that the story is built up to the audience, rather then being tossed into the middle of the storyline. Young Fortinbras is often shown in these silent plays and is the only way his character is able to be developed to such an extent. This technique is... ...h Hamlet being carried out in a cross formation, perhaps suggesting that Hamlet's pursuit of vengeance was his crucifixion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are so many ways this work can be interpreted and acted out, and that makes it hard to be critical when there is no standard to compare it to. This film was Kenneth Branaugh's vision of Hamlet, and so to him it is magnificent. To myself, this film had many brilliant spots and was very thorough and well acted out. However, at times, the action and music became a bit overwhelming. Perhaps Branaugh got a little to caught up in the moment, it is hard to say. The silent plays that were shown throughout ( King Hamlet's death, the drowned Ophelia, Hamlet's childhood days with Yurich, Priam's slaughter, Fortinbras) added a lot to the film, because it gave the characters a history and allowed for a non-shakespearean audience to better understand what was being said. The adaptation from play to film is not always very easy, and obviously some changes have to occur. Branaugh's version of Hamlet definitely had some additions, but it still captured the essence of Shakespeare making it an interesting piece of work, and an enjoyable film.

American Conservatism Essay -- Politics United States History

American Conservatism Beginning with Nixon and continuing with Reagan after the radical changes of American culture in the sixties and seventies, Americans would begin to shift towards more conservative ideas unsure of the rapid radical change. In the 1994 mid term elections, the American people would elect a congress of mostly conservatives for the first time in nearly 50 years. At the core of this success would be the Contract with America. A set of promises and goals devised by conservative congressional representative Newt Gingrich. In 2000 the Republicans (modern conservative party) would retain the Congress and capture the White House. Conservatism has been a leading political ideology since the inception of the United States to recent Presidential and Congressional elections. Over the last 230 years, conservative ideas in America would evolve to become a distinct brand of conservatism. The first conservative party in the newly formed United States of America was the Federalist. The Federalist were made up of several of the founding fathers including John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. John Adams a "Massachusetts lawyer spent the greater part of his life declaring, with perfect indifference to popularity, that freedom can be achieved and retained by sober men who take humanity as it is, not as humanity should be" is often cited as the founder of conservatism in an America (Kirk 71). They favored a strong central government that would protect the rights of property owners. They also favored little radical change after the Revolutionary War and retained a sense of social class apparent in the British Government. These parties tended to be supported by the businessmen of the time and those residing in smaller states. ... ...ervative tenets. This is a draw back of the two party system in which compromise must be made in order to form a viable political party. In that case, one may say the Republicans have been successful, yet they have only been so at the cost of their conservative ideology. Although it is also viable to say that since the Republican Party is the only major outlet for conservatism, conservatism has been relatively successful. The Republican Party will continue to evolve but will likely be the major source of conservatism in America for years to come. Hence as the Republican Party evolves American Conservatism will evolve. Works Cited Hauss, Charles. Comparative Politics: Domestic Responses to Global Challenges. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2003. Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Washington, D.C: Regnery Publishing Inc, 2001.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Journal According to Sigmund Freud, events and emotions that are particularly disturbing are repressed into the unconscious. Often times this theory is true, but for people suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, they only wish that it were true. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. People with PTSD have persistent frightening thoughts and memories of their ordeal and feel emotionally numb, especially with people they were once close to. They may experience sleep problems, feel detached or numb, or be easily startled. PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes. People with PTSD may startle easily, become emotionally numb (especially in relation to people with whom they used to be close), lose interest in things they used to enjoy, have trouble feeling affectionate, be irritable, become more aggressive, or even become violent. They avoid situations that remind them of the original incident, and anniversaries of the incident are often very difficult. PTSD symptoms seem to be worse if the event that triggered them was deliberately initiated by another person, as in a mugging or a kidnapping. Most people with PTSD repeatedly relive the trauma in their thoughts during the day and in nightmares when they sleep. These are called flashbacks. Flashbacks may consist of images, sounds, smells, or feelings, and are often triggered by ordinary occurrences, such as a door slamming or a car backfiring on the street. A person having a flashback may lose touch with reality and believe that the traumatic incident is happening all over again. PTSD affects about 7.7 million American adults,but it can occur at any age, including childhood. Women are more likely to develop PTSD than men, and there is some evidence that susceptibility to the disorder may run in families. PTSD is often accompanied by depression, substance abuse, or one or more of the other anxiety disorders. Many people with anxiety disorders benefit from joining a self-help or support group and sharing their problems and achievements with others. Internet chat rooms can also be useful in this regard, but any advice received over the Internet should be used with caution, as Internet acquaintances have usually never seen each other and false identities are common.

The Experiment Research Study: Craik and Tulving (1975)

Aim: To investigate depth processing by giving participants s number of tasks requiring different levels of processing and measuring recognition.Participants: Controlled condition (3 males and 3 females) Experimental condition (3 males and 3 females) Independent group designMethod: This was a repeated measures design experiment with three conditions. Participants were given a list of 60 words, one at a time and were required to process each word at one of thee levels (the independent variable). At deep level they might be asked a question, such as ‘Does this word fit into the sentence†¦?' At an intermediate level, they might be asked ‘ Does this word rhyme with†¦?' At shallow level, they might be asked, ‘Is this word in capital letters?'Following the task, participants were (unexpectedly) given a list of 180 words, which contained the original 60 words processed and 120 ‘filler' words, and were asked to identify the ones they recognised from the orig inal 60 (the dependent variable).Measurement: The two conditions create room for accurate comparison and results. Participants are referred to with numbers.Results: Significantly more words were recognised if they had been processed at deep level (approximately 65 per cent) than either phonetic (37 per cent) or shallow (17 per cent) levels.Conclusion: As deeper processing resulted in better recognition, then the level at which material is processed must be related to memory.Evaluation: This study relies on incidental learning (the participants did  not know they would be asked to recall the words), rather than intentional learning, which is the advantage of being more true to real life. This means participants are unlikely to engage in extra processing which could invalidate the results. However, there is a necessary level of deception required in suck a design which raised ethical issues.

Brutus in the play Julius Caesar by Shakespeare Essay

Marcus Brutus is a character in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar which is based on the true story of events in Rome more than 2,000 years ago. Caesar’s loyal friend, Portia’s loving husband, and a noble Roman. However, he leads other conspirators and murders Caesar. People often question, is Brutus a hero or a villain? Brutus is not a hero nor a villain because he is not totally bad or good. Brutus doesn’t kill Caesar for power, but the good of Rome. Brutus is not a villain because he trusts Antony and refuses to murder him. Brutus is a villain because he is overconfident and therefore their actions fail. There is no human that is totally bad or good in story nor real life. Brutus loves Caesar but kills him because he believes that Caesar is not a good leader and that Caesar’s ambitions are dangerous to the future of Rome. The decision to kill Caesar is not easy for Brutus and his wife sees that. Portia tells Brutus she believes he has â€Å"some sick offence within your mind† (II.i.267-270) and that is why he can not sleep. The fact that he can not sleep shows that he is thinking about the murder and not comfortable with it. Also, he will not share his thoughts with his wife, even though she believes that â€Å"which by the right and virtue of my place/ I ought to know of†(II.i.267-270). When Brutus says â€Å"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.† (III.ii.26) he means that he believes his actions are for the benefit of the Republic not to improve his position. During Brutus’s speech at Caesar’s funeral, he reveals his motive â€Å"I honour him; but, as he was ambitious, I slew him.† (III.ii.26) He tells the Romans they are better with Ceasar dead since if they would â€Å"rather Caesar were living and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen?† (III.ii.21-24). Brutus believes that Caesar would have turned the freemen of Rome into his slaves and therefore was not the best leader for Rome. Cassius must also convince Brutus that Caesar’s murder is good. Cassius tells Brutus a story about a day in the winter where they swam in a river and Caesar almost drowns. Cassius uses this story to show Brutus that Caesar is just a man, not worthy of his â€Å"name being sounded more than yours?† (I.ii.143) Cassius also tell Brutus that the fault â€Å"is not in our stars/ But in ourselves† (I.ii.140-141) which sounds like Brutus has a choice about the future of Rome. Brutus is not a villain because he trusts Antony and refuses to murder him which shows that Brutus isn’t interested in gaining power and he has a good heart. Brutus believes that â€Å"For Antony is but a  limb of Caesar. /Let’s be sacrificers, but not butchers†(II.i.165-166) and that without Caesar Anthony is not be a threat. He says, â€Å"And for Marc Antony, think not of him,/ For he can do no more than Caesar’s arm/ When Caesar’s head is off†(II.i.180-183). He does not want to murder innocent people, because he believes the â€Å"Our course will seem too bloody† (II.i.162). Brutus is a villain because he is overconfident and does not listen to the words of Cassius. His overconfidence is shown many times. Brutus shows his over confidence when talks about Cicero. On the day Ides of March, Brutus was discussing with other conspirator about if Cicero should go with them. Although other conspirator want Cicero to join them, Brutus don’t agree with that, he said, â€Å"O, name him not. Let us not break with him,/For he will never follow anything†(II.i.156-157). Later, when Cassius is talking about how he fears Antony, Brutus says â€Å"And for Mark Antony, think not of him,/For he can do no more than Caesar’s arm/When Caesar’s head is off.†(II.i.188-190). Also he believes that Anthony can speak at the funeral since whatever Antony speaks â€Å"I will myself into the pulpit first/ And and show the reason of our Caesar’s death./ What Antony shall speak, I will protest.† (III.i.237-239) and the people will believe him. In conclusion, Brutus is not a hero and not a villain. He kills his best friend, but it is for the good of Rome. Therefore he is not a villain. He trusts Antony, but that trust is the reason their plans to prevent Rome becoming a republic fails. Therefore he is not a hero. Although Antony calls Brutus â€Å"the noblest Roman of them all.†, he is overconfident. And this overconfidence leads to his suicide. Is difficult to say he is a hero or a villain. Because if he change his action, the history will change. Once the history change, our life today will change, too. One thing we learn is, no matter Brutus’s action is good or bad, he try his best and do what he believe is right to make himself and other people a better life.

Merchant of Venice Spot Analysis Essay

Although the play’s title leads readers to believe its contents to surround Antonio, rather the play surrounds a hated and despised Shylock the Jew. However, as Shakespeare so often does, several scenes are placed almost haphazardly within the conflict and turmoil building amongst the main characters. Often readers question the scenes appropriateness and necessity to the play’s progression, and struggle to create connections to the play’s main conflict and following resolution. The casket scenes regarding the betrothal of the beautiful Portia in The Merchant of Venice play the role of the sources of confusion. Although the game of caskets seemingly represents Shakespeare’s dynamics on love and marriage, the game is really a lesson in human morality, judgment, and tribulations. The lesson learned through Portia’s three suitors is invaluable to the play as well as human life. Shakespeare’s ability to recognize and understand the true nature of man is seen throughout the works of his career, and The Merchant of Venice is in essence a depiction of men judging one another superficially. The three caskets present three versions of common human rationales. As each suitor presents himself for the game, the audience is led through his thought process and ultimate decision. The first suitor, Morocco, refuses the casket of lead and claims â€Å"[a] gold mind stoops not to shows of dross. / I’ll then [neither] give nor hazard [anything] for lead† (2. 7. 20-21). Morocco will not risk anything for the mere hopes of gaining only as valuable as lead. Morocco, so far, is immensely materialistic. He next contemplates the silver casket. Morocco weighs his â€Å"value with an even hand† and decides his worth â€Å"by thy estimation / [†¦] dost deserve enough† (2. 7. 5, 26-27). Morocco’s own self-affirmation does not allow him to stoop to choose silver. Instead, he moves to the golden casket thus furthering his obvious greedy and materialistic nature. â€Å"Is’t like that lead contains her? ‘Twere damnation / [to] think so base a thought. It [is] too gross / [to] rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave† (2. 7. 49-51). Obviously unbeknownst to Morocco, lead is the metal of choice in burial, and the irony only better proves this suitor unfit. Likewise Morocco did not view silver as more precious than gold, and refuses to settle for anything second best. His vanity and greed leave him â€Å" ‘[c]old indeed, and labor lost’† as he unwisely chooses the golden casket, and a lesson in humility and Christian grace is spent (2. 7. 74). The lessons continue with the second suitor, Aragon. He quickly passes the leaden casket and moves to dismiss any affinity toward the golden casket. â€Å"I will not choose what many men desire, / Because I will not jump with common spirits / And rand me with the barbarous multitudes† (2. 9. 30-32). Wisely, Aragon knows not to simply trust the facts beheld by the eyes. He deciphers the riddle as addressing a throng of fools blinded by beauty and oblivious of anything else. However, Aragon has just all but ignored the lead casket, yet he knows â€Å"[Portia] shall look fairer [if he] give or hazard† (2. 9. 21). Aragon knows a risk begets a better reward, but he does not choose this uncertainty. However, he ascertains his own desert without doubt. The silver casket should â€Å"[let] none presume / to wear an undeserved dignity† and Aragon believes men should only receive what is deserved (2. 9. 38-39). He questions the validity of an idealistic world of rightful desert. He wonders â€Å"who shall go about / [to cheat] fortune, and be honourable / [without] the stamp of merit† (2. 9. 36-37). Aragon’s idealism does not consider the true nature of mankind. His rationality is absurdly naive, and this foolishness is all he keeps upon his departure. Bassanio, the final and probably least sincere suitor, also considers each casket before his decision. Bassanio is well aware how sinful and deceitful mankind behaves. He knows â€Å"the outward shows [appearances] be least themselves† (3. . 73). Now the reader knows outward beauties will not fool Bassanio. â€Å"How many cowards whose hearts are all as false / [as] stairs of sand, wear yet upon their chins / [the] beards of Hercules and fwoning mars, / [who], inward searched, have lives white as milk† (3. 2. 83-86) Bassanio asks himself in debate. The readers know Bassanio has spent his fortunes living an extravagant life. Assumedly, Bassanio encountered a vast variety of people in his travels and adventures, and through these experiences, he has discovered the triviality of appearances. Bassanio knows beauty is often an elaborate mask â€Å"[the] seeming truth [in] cunning times puts on / [to] entrap the wisest† (3. 2. 100-101). Bassanio eliminate his doubt and chooses the lead casket, thus ending the game and winning Portia’s hand. Bassanio’s knowledge of men and their sinfully corrupt hearts leads him to wisely solve the riddle and win the desired prize. However, Bassanio is not meant to serve as the moral winner in this game. Instead, Bassanio provides support toward Aragon’s foolishness. Bassanio is the man who undeservedly gains power and advancement. Shakespeare places these scenes within a play full of the corrupt, yet he is able to humanize and evoke sympathy for these men. Shakespeare utilizes these scenes to relay to the audience that human nature is not black and white, good or bad, right or wrong. The bad can feel the good and be intrinsically good; likewise the good often know the bad and choose the evil in the face of personal gain.

Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Materials (Turbocharger)

Turbocharger is nothing but a gas compressor, which is kept in use to forced-induction of the internal combustion engine. It is a derived form of supercharger. The fundamental function of the turbocharger is to enhance the density of the air which is entering in the engine. Density is increased to produce more power.Compressor, turbine and shaft are the core and essential parts of a turbocharger. Compressor of the turbocharger got power by a turbine and this is driven by exhaust gases of the engine. Direct mechanical drive is not used like many other superchargers.In early days or in the days of the invention of turbochargers, it is referred as turbosuperchargers because turbochargers were derived from the superchargers by combining a turbine in the accessories of superchargers. Compressor was there in the superchargers, but turbine was not present in superchargers.In turbochargers, a fan pump of small radius comes into the driving condition with the help of the gases which get exhau sted by the engine. The main assembly parts of the turbochargers means turbine, compressor and shaft are attached in such a way that turbine and compressor shares a shaft and get attached with it.The turbine is used to alter the exhaust heat and pressure into the rotational force and this rotational force drives the compressor. Compressor increases the pressure of the air and this pressurized air enters into the cylinders on each intake stroke. This in turn increases the volumetric efficiency of the engine and this is done by solving one of its cardinal limitations.Only downward strokes of a piston are used in naturally aspirated automobile engine, but the pressure of the atmosphere can not be increased more than 1 atm. This thing creates a pressure difference limit in the naturally aspirated automobile engines, which limits the amount of airflow entering the combustion chamber.But turbocharger eliminates this limit because it is designed in such manner that it increases the pressur e at a particular point from where air enters into the cylinder. This in turn maintains pressure into the combustion chamber, which increases the revolution speed. This increasing speed produces high power and torque at the output of the engine.But there is a limitation on the pressure in the turbocharger. Pressure should not cross its critical limit, otherwise explosion and physical damage may occur in the engine. To avoid such type of conditions an arrangement has been made there in the turbocharger. In this type situation intake pressure is being controlled by venting excess gas and this facility is being provided by wastegate functionality.

Philosophy Relating to DWI Business Essay

Honorable Justice Potter Stewart once wrote: â€Å"There is a big difference between what we have the right to do and what is right.† Examining the background and scope of business and transaction of Diversified Worldwide Industries, its activities includes oil and energy, environment, communications, leisure and recreation, real estate and manufacturing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In its real estate business, its goal is to build homes and area that is age restricted. The company was very eager to build a location, however the streets that were supposed to be built has a weight limit. So the problem arises with this, the debris that needed to be transferred and moved after the subdivision is built needs trucks to transport. But the big trucks exceeded the weight limit of the street so they need small trucks to transport the debris. This means that, it will be costly and out of the budget scale. However, though some debris is allowed to be burned as long as proper permits and restrictions are acquired, most of the debris is woods and according to the law, burning of these is not allowed. Applying the philosophy that Honorable Justice Potter Stewart once wrote, the company should adjust their budget so as to allow the transfer of debris through the small trucks that the street can accommodate. This should be done because the company has to be socially and environmentally responsible, especially for its activities. Even if they can do the other option – burning woods or keeping it on the site, which they can do because they have the right since they own it and the other option is out of the budget. Still the right thing to do is to   dispose it properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the company’s financial aspect, it encountered a problem when during its oil exploration in the middle east, the activity became very costly and is not very profitable, resulting to the application of the company of bankruptcy.   The company has two options again, one is to completely stop the exploration even if the contract for two years is not achieved, and the other is to continue the oil exploration and risk the investments of the company. Relating the solution to the philosophy stated above, the right thing to do is to file for bankruptcy giving the condition that the exploration be continued and the debts be paid from the profits that the company will get from it in the future. Choosing this option is the right thing because the company has responsibilities to its investors, and also because a contract was signed. They cannot stop the operation just because they are not yet profiting from it. Exploration is really costly, but after all is done and established, profits will sure to come. Business is taking risks. Responsibilities should be done for all concerned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another is regarding their manufacturing division. The situation is that, the manufacturing division was researching for a new flavor for wine and discovered a way to prevent cancer. The company filed a patent for it in the US, which means that they will be the only company to manufacture it in twenty years. Applying the stated philosophy above, the company should not take advantage of privilege given to them. Prices should also be reasonable. Considering that the company should practice social responsibility, it would be right if the company launches programs for its products widespread distribution that are less costly or even joint ventures with the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In its environmental ventures, it includes the production and supply of clean water that the humans can drink and which is safe for aquatic life. However, in one of its branches, a supervisor found a leak leading to the water tank. The leak contains lead which can be very dangerous to both human and aquatic life. The government is also strict in following its rules regarding this type of venture. So the company has options on how to deal with this. One is to fix the leak and keep quiet about what happened because letting it be known may ruin the company’s reputation and may lose customers. On the other hand, they can also fix the leak, check its machines again, let it be known to the public in the fastest way like media and warn them of what might happen, provide clean waters to those who needed it like far places or hospitals. Also if damage has done on customer or the environment, be responsible for all its financial needs, like in medication or cleaning up. Reference Doing What is Legal and Ethical in the Business World. January 17, 2008 retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/136482/doing_what_is_legal_and_ethical_in.ht  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ml?page=3      

Deming points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deming points - Essay Example Additionally, this physics doctorate holder also devised the phrases of assignable-cause followed by variation in chance-cause (Deming 80). Shewhart is also credited with coming up with the concept of statistical control that is a fundamental technique in designed experiments. Furthermore, he used mathematical statistical theories in order to comprehend data drawn from physical processes instead of producing a normal distribution curve. Therefore, there are several Deming points that assist in the management philosophy. However, in this case it is essential to study one and understand how it brought benefits to one of the group members (Deming 79). Therefore, in this instance, I think the promotion of education has brought numerous benefits especially when compared to the experience at Indiana State University. For example, it has enabled workers in gaining additional skills and expertise of handling matters. These include the arising challenges of modernity in the management world that are controlled by technology. Another importance of promotion of education is the ability to gain in terms of analytical thinking and memory of pertinent issues in the management field. After the interview concerning the 14 points of Deming, the following points were highlighted as the direct benefits in solving situations (Deming 81). For example, the use of purpose to guide most objectives has been beneficial in terms ensuring the objectives of management are met. Similarly, the constant review of processes helps in the improvement of different areas of management. This is in terms of understanding of employees and motivating them to perform in their respective duties. Alternatively, the working of various departments as a team helps in the completion of tasks in good time. On the other hand, politicians are conducting promotions on the basis of merit which

Australian personal financial planning case studny questions, urgent Essay

Australian personal financial planning case studny questions, urgent - Essay Example The business needs of the company are different from that of its directors and running a company costs a lot. Neither Leo nor Spiro can claim the company as part of their estate, since none of them is the sole owner of the company (Small Business Development Corporation, 2010). (ii) Partnership: If Leo and Spiro would agree to go into partnership, this is simple and inexpensive to set up. However, both of them will be required to pay income taxes, and the assets of a partnership business may not be fully protected as that of a company. There may problems of secession plan because each partner has equal right to the business assets, and sharing this may bring some disagreements. The business needs of the partnership business are the same as that of the partners. Neither of the partners can count the business as part of his business estate, because they jointly own the business (Small Business Development Corporation, 2010). (iii) Self-Managed Superannuation Fund (SMSF): Both Leo and Spiro will act as individual trustees of the Fund; which means that they cannot receive salaries or wages for their duties. The assets of the Fund are different from the personal assets Leo and Spiro. SMSF is not expensive to run. Neither of the trustees can lay claim to the Fund as part of his estate. The trustees may decide to allow the Fund to cease operating if there are problems from running it. (iv) Discretionary Trust: Either Leo and Spiro may decide to set up a discretionary trust, otherwise known as Family Trust. The business needs of the trustee are the same as that of the trust. The trustee will be required to pay taxes on the activities of the Trust, for example, investing the trust fund in a business; taxes will be paid on the income from the business. The asset of the trust belongs to all the family members. There may be problems in secession planning, but it does not cost much to run a trust. And none of the members can claim it as an his or her Estate (Small

Managing organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing organisational behaviour - Essay Example As a result of developing and implementing management practices to successfully manage human resources is critical for organizational achievement. The highly competitive global environment of the 21st Century demands managers to use proactive practices and methods to managing behavior for the purpose of creating a competitive advantage (Bhattacharya & Wrights, 2005). Theoretically the science of managing organizational behavior has the responsibility of using human resources to fulfill an organization’s goals and objectives. This premise and the development of the capability of the human resources aids in accomplishment of goals. Certainly not without challenge managing people (human resources) effectively is the process of comprehending human behavior, knowing how to motivate, and enable others to become what he or she is capable of becoming with the intention of fulfilling the group’s strategic objectives. The purpose of this paper is to offer suggestions as to the at tributes and necessary skills an effective manager/leader needs to proactively manage human resources. ... is not a release of control and power by management, but is a method in which management gains additional control over behavior in the organizational culture as a result. Organizational Behavior Understanding organizational behavior enables managers to use human capital and other resources more effectively. The ability to understand his or her relationship with workers and the significance of the interaction is foundational in understanding how to effectively manage organizational behavior. The interaction between managers and workers in the culture directly influences the outcomes of behavior within the culture. Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2003) assert â€Å"Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of individuals and groups in organizations† (p. 4). Kreitner and Kinicki (2003) declare â€Å"Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work; organizational behavior is both research and application oriented † (p. 12). The two descriptions or definitions include the understanding of coordinating people in structured settings for the purpose of accomplishing specific goals. Kreitner and Kinicki (2003) offer that the task of managing people requires knowledge and the ability to apply the principles of the social disciplines of psychology, management, sociology, statistics, economics, human stress management, and others (p. 13). The list of disciplines reaffirms the depth of knowledge of human behavior that is necessary for managers to manage successfully. Effective managers comprehend how to interpret human behavior applying the appropriate principles from the tools of the applicable social science. By using the tools managers are able to resolve conflict within the environment, motivate workers to higher

John Hopkins School of Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John Hopkins School of Medicine - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the John Hopkins School of Medicine, or simply the John Hopkins Hospital, is one of America’s most distinguished healthcare organizations. Located in Baltimore, John Hopkins is both a teaching hospital and a research facility dedicated to biomedical research. The hospital was constructed as part of the will of a philanthropist known as John Hopkins. He was a merchant and a banker, and he left his estate for the development of both a hospital and a university bearing his name. This bequest, left in 1873, was the largest philanthropic gift of its time. The hospital has revolutionized how medicine is practiced in the United States as is often regarded as the founding institution of modern medicine in the country. Other than that, the institution is the birthplace of several medical terms and traditions such as residency, rounds and house staff. The institution has been in the forefront of setting up departments in the fields of ped iatrics, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery and other departments. These departments are nowadays found in all healthcare institutions throughout the country. According to the U.S News & World Report, that ranks hospitals, John Hopkins Hospitals is one of the world best hospitals. The hospital has been ranked as America’s best hospital for 21 consecutive years. This ranking, however, has changed in the last few years after being supplanted by hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital.

Abortion should be encouraged Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion should be encouraged - Essay Example However, the pro-abortion groups state that fetus is not at all human, because to consider a living form as a human, they will need to have mental aspects like consciousness, reasoning, self-motivation, self -awareness and communication skills. Thus, they counter the view that embryo is a living entity by using scientific evidences and show embryo is not a ‘living human’ but just an ‘undeveloped entity’. â€Å"†¦all parties in the debate agree that the embryo is not yet an entity with interests or rights â€Å". The other argument is, embryo neither looks like a human being nor contains the totality of a person' subsequent humanity because cell division continues throughout the gestational period.So the fetus cannot be considered as a human and abortion is therefore permitted medically as well as morally. Importantly, many situations particularly grave situations will arise, where abortion might be the most helpful choice the woman may have. One of th e grave situations is when a woman gets raped and becomes pregnant owing to that rape. A legal abortion will not only remove the mental scare of that sexual assault, importantly it will aid her in living a dignified and normal life, without any social ostracization of her as well as the baby that might be born. â€Å"Many pregnant rape victims are essentially assaulted twice,† Roth said, â€Å"first by their rapist and second by public officials who ignore them, insult them and deny them their right to a legal abortion.†

IP Management assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IP Management - Assignment Example The maintenance of ownership of the intangible assets is critical in today’s world where a rapid pace of innovation is followed. The value of the largest organizations in the globe are much dependent on the knowledge based innovations and designs within the organization. Therefore, it is critical to manage the intellectual properties efficiently so as to maintain the intangible assets and the value of any organization. Invention plays a critical role in adding value to the business by contributing to different processes with an objective of capturing and generating knowledge within the organization. Therefore, it is imperative to stress on the proper management of the intellectual properties like patents, trademarks and copyrights within an organization. The management of intellectual property encompasses a wide range of activities including the understanding of the intellectual property, the inherent value of the intellectual property and how the intellectual property should be protected from infringements. Intellectual properties are valuable financial and strategic resources of an organization. Therefore like any other asset, the intellectual properties should also be managed continuously. The proper management of the IP would ensure that the organization attains an in-depth understanding of the IP and thus can assess its values and benefits better. The effective intellectual property management would also ensure that the properties are protected from outside risks like infringement, usage and copy by third parties. The management of intellectual property is not a one-time event but a continuous process that is to be continued till the expiry of the intellectual property. The different decisions points to be identified within the life cycle of an intellectual property for the intellectual property management process are given below. Intellectual