How the SEC has played an important role in accounting standards Essay

How the SEC has played an important role in accounting standards - Essay Example Due to this, the task of protecting investors assumes paramount importance for the government (Sec.gov). The primary concept influencing and controlling the securities industry in the United States is that every investor, whether an individual or institution, should be able to ‘recognize’ the investment properly. This involves having free access to the main features and conditions surrounding the investment, not only before investors spend money in it, but also as long as they continue to retain their money in it. In compliance with this vital concept, the SEC makes it mandatory for public organizations to ‘disclose’ significant financial and other information about itself to the general public. Such disclosures form an accumulation of information that can be accessed by any investor while deciding to purchase, sell or retain a security (Sec.gov). The accumulation of information should be regularly updated with precise and timely inputs to facilitate sound investment decisions from the investing public. The SEC makes sure this objective is achieved by interacting with all players in the securities industry such as private organizations, securities exchanges, securities brokers, securities dealers, investment counselors and mutual funds to ensure they disclose meaningful information, conduct dealings in a fair and proper manner and safeguard against fraud. Realizing that its stature and effectiveness should always be on the highest levels, the SEC makes maximum use of its enforcement authority. The SEC feeds on many sources of information {the most significant being individual investors}, to instigate hundreds of legal cases each year against securities law infractions such as insider trading, supplying untrue or deluding information or fraudulent practices carried out by provide individuals or business organizations (Sec.gov) . In addition to its primary role as guardian of the

Organisation Learning Essay Example for Free

Organisation Learning Essay Where Argyris and Schon were the first to propose models that facilitate organizational learning, the following literatures have followed in the tradition of their work: Argyris and Schon (1978) distinguish between single-loop and double-loop learning, related to Gregory Batesons concepts of first and second order learning. In single-loop learning, individuals, groups, or organizations modify their actions according to the difference between expected and obtained outcomes. In double-loop learning, the entities (individuals, groups or organization) question the values, assumptions and policies that led to the actions in the first place; if they are able to view and modify those, then second-order or double-loop learning has taken place. Double loop learning is the learning about single-loop learning. ?March and Olsen (1975) attempt to link up individual and organizational learning. In their model, individual beliefs lead to individual action, which in turn may lead to an organizational action and a response from the environment which may induce improved individual beliefs and the cycle then repeats over and over. Learning occurs as better beliefs produce better actions. ?Kim (1993), as well, in an article titled The link between individual and organizational learning, integrates Argyris, March and Olsen and another model by Kofman into a single comprehensive model; further, he analyzes all the possible breakdowns in the information flows in the model, leading to failures in organizational learning; for instance, what happens if an individual action is rejected by the organization for political or other reasons and therefore no organizational action takes place? ?Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) developed a four stage spiral model of organizational learning. They started by differentiating Polanyis concept of tacit knowledge from explicit knowledge and describe a process of alternating between the two. Tacit knowledge is personal, context specific, subjective knowledge, whereas explicit knowledge is codified, systematic, formal, and easy to communicate. The tacit knowledge of key personnel within the organization can be made explicit, codified in manuals, and incorporated into new products and processes. This process they called externalization. The reverse process (from explicit to implicit) they call internalization because it involves employees internalizing an organizations formal rules, procedures, and other forms of explicit knowledge. They also use the term socialization to denote the sharing of tacit knowledge, and the term combination to denote the dissemination of codified knowledge. According to this model, knowledge creation and organizational learning take a path of socialization, externalization, combination, internalization, socialization, externalization, combination . . . etc. in an infinite spiral. ?Nick Bontis et al. (2002) empirically tested a model of organizational learning that encompassed both stocks and flows of knowledge across three levels of analysis: individual, team and organization. Results showed a negative and statistically significant relationship between the misalignment of stocks and flows and organizational performance. ?Flood (1999) discusses the concept of organizational learning from Peter Senge and the origins of the theory from Argyris and Schon. The author aims to re-think Senges The Fifth Discipline through systems theory. The author develops the concepts by integrating them with key theorists such as Bertalanffy, Churchman, Beer, Checkland and Ackoff. Conceptualizing organizational learning in terms of structure, process, meaning, ideology and knowledge, the author provides insights into Senge within the context of the philosophy of science and the way in which systems theorists were influenced by twentieth-century advances from the classical assumptions of science. ?Imants (2003) provides theory development for organizational learning in schools within the context of teachers professional communities as learning communities, which is compared and contrasted to teaching communities of practice. Detailed with an analysis of the paradoxes for organizational learning in schools, two mechanisms for professional development and organizational learning, (1) steering information about teaching and learning and (2) encouraging interaction among teachers and workers, are defined as critical for effective organizational learning. ?Common (2004) discusses the concept of organisational learning in a political environment to improve public policy-making. The author details the initial uncontroversial reception of organisational learning in the public sector and the development of the concept with the learning organization. Definitional problems in applying the concept to public policy are addressed, noting research in UK local government that concludes on the obstacles for organizational learning in the public sector: (1) overemphasis of the individual, (2) resistance to change and politics, (3) social learning is self-limiting, i.e. individualism, and (4) political blame culture. The concepts of policy learning and policy transfer are then defined with detail on the conditions for realizing organizational learning in the public sector. Organizational knowledge What is the nature of knowledge created, traded and used in organizations? Some of this knowledge can be termed technical ? knowing the meaning of technical words and phrases, being able to read and make sense of economic data and being able to act on the basis of law-like generalizations. Scientific knowledge is ?propositional; it takes the form of causal generalizations ? whenever A, then B. For example, whenever water reaches the temperature of 100 degrees, it boils; whenever it boils, it turns into steam; steam generates pressure when in an enclosed space; pressure drives engines. And so forth. A large part of the knowledge used by managers, however, does not assume this form. The complexities of a managers task are such that applying A may result in B, C, or Z. A recipe or an idea that solved very well a particular problem, may, in slightly different circumstances backfire and lead to ever more problems. More important than knowing a whole lot of theories, recipes and solutions for a manager is to know which theory, recipe or solution to apply in a specific situation. Sometimes a manager may combine two different recipes or adapt an existing recipe with some important modification to meet a situation at hand. Managers often use knowledge in the way that a handyman will use his or her skills, the materials and tools that are at hand to meet the demands of a particular situation. Unlike an engineer who will plan carefully and scientifically his or her every action to deliver the desired outcome, such as a steam engine, a handyman is flexible and opportunistic, often using materials in unorthodox or unusual ways, and relies a lot on trial and error. This is what the French call ? bricolage, the resourceful and creative deployment skills and materials to meet each challenge in an original way. Rule of thumb, far from being the enemy of management, is what managers throughout the world have relied upon to inform their action. In contrast to the scientific knowledge that guides the engineer, the physician or the chemist, managers are often informed by a different type of know-how. This is sometimes referred to a ? narrative knowledge or ? experiential knowledge, the kind of knowledge that comes from experience and resides in stories and narratives of how real people in the real world dealt with real life problems, successfully or unsuccessfully. Narrative knowledge is what we use in everyday life to deal with awkward situations, as parents, as consumers, as patients and so forth. We seek the stories of people in the same situation as ourselves and try to learn from them. As the Chinese proverb says A wise man learns from experience; a wiser man learns from the experience of others. Narrative knowledge usually takes the form of organization stories (see organization story and organizational storytelling). These stories enable participants to make sense of the difficulties and challenges they face; by listening to stories, members of organizations learn from each others experiences, adapt the recipes used by others to address their own difficulties and problems. Narrative knowledge is not only the preserve of managers. Most professionals (including doctors, accountants, lawyers, business consultants and academics) rely on narrative knowledge, in addition to their specialist technical knowledge, when dealing with concrete situations as part of their work. More generally, narrative knowledge represents an endlessly mutating reservoir of ideas, recipes and stories that are traded mostly by word or mouth on the internet. They are often apocryphal and may be inaccurate or untrue yet, they have the power to influence peoples sense making and actions. Individual versus organizational learning Learning by individuals in an organizational context is a well understood process. This is the traditional domain of human resources, including activities such as: training, increasing skills, work experience, and formal education. Given that the success of any organization is founded on the knowledge of the people who work for it, these activities will and, indeed, must continue. However, individual learning is only a prerequisite to organizational learning. Others take it farther with continuous learning. The world is orders of magnitude more dynamic than that of our parents, or even when we were young. Waves of change are crashing on us virtually one on top of another. Change has become the norm rather than the exception. Continuous learning throughout ones career has become essential to remain relevant in the workplace. Again, necessary but not sufficient to describe organizational learning. What does it mean to say that an organization learns? Simply summing individual learning is inadequate to model organizational learning. The following definition outlines the essential difference between the two: A learning organization actively creates, captures, transfers, and mobilizes knowledge to enable it to adapt to a changing environment. Thus, the key aspect of organizational learning is the interaction that takes place among individuals. A learning organization does not rely on passive or ad hoc process in the hope that organizational learning will take place through serendipity or as a by-product of normal work. A learning organization actively promotes, facilitates, and rewards collective learning. Creating (or acquiring) knowledge can be an individual or group activity. However, this is normally a small-scale, isolated activity steeped in the jargon and methods of knowledge workers. As first stated by Lucilius in the 1st century BC, Knowledge is not knowledge until someone else knows that one knows. Capturing individual learning is the first step to making it useful to an organization. There are many methods for capturing knowledge and experience, such as publications, activity reports, lessons learned, interviews, and presentations. Capturing includes organizing knowledge in ways that people can find it; multiple structures facilitate searches regardless of the users perspective (e. g. , who, what, when, where, why,and how). Capturing also includes storage in repositories, databases, or libraries to insure that the knowledge will be available when and as needed. Transferring knowledge requires that it be accessible to everyone when and where they need it. In a digital world, this involves browser-activated search engines to find what one is looking for. A way to retrieve content is also needed, which requires a communication and network infrastructure. Tacit knowledge may be shared through communities of practice or consulting experts. It is also important that knowledge is presented in a way that users can understand it. It must suit the needs of the user to be accepted and internalized. Mobilizing knowledge involves integrating and using relevant knowledge from many, often diverse, sources to solve a problem or address an issue. Integration requires interoperability standards among various repositories. Using knowledge may be through simple reuse of existing solutions that have worked previously. It may also come through adapting old solutions to new problems. Conversely, a learning organization learns from mistakes or recognizes when old solutions no longer apply. Use may also be through synthesis; that is creating a broader meaning or a deeper level of understanding. Clearly, the more rapidly knowledge can be mobilized and used, the more competitive an organization. An organization must learn so that it can adapt to a changing environment. Historically, the life-cycle of organizations typically spanned stable environments between major socioeconomic changes. Blacksmiths who didnt become mechanics simply fell by the wayside. More recently, many fortune 500 companies of two decades ago no longer exist. Given the ever-accelerating rate of global-scale change, the more critical learning and adaptation become to organization relevance, success, and ultimate survival. Organizational learning is a social process, involving interactions among many individuals leading to well-informed decision making. Thus, a culture that learns and adapts as part of everyday working practices is essential. Reuse must equal or exceed reinvent as a desirable behavior. Adapting an idea must be rewarded along with its initial creation. Sharing to empower the organization must supersede controlling to empower an individual. Clearly, shifting from individual to organizational learning involves a non-linear transformation. Once someone learns something, it is available for their immediate use. In contrast, organizations need to create, capture, transfer, and mobilize knowledge before it can be used. Although technology supports the latter, these are primarily social processes within a cultural environment, and cultural change, however necessary, is a particularly challenging undertaking. Learning organization The work in Organizational Learning can be distinguished from the work on a related concept, the learning organization. This later body of work, in general, uses the theoretical findings of organizational learning (and other research in organizational development, system theory, and cognitive science) in order to prescribe specific recommendations about how to create organizations that continuously and effectively learn. This practical approach was championed by Peter Senge in his book The Fifth Discipline. Diffusion of innovations Diffusion of innovations theory explores how and why people adopt new ideas, practices and products. It may be seen as a subset of the anthropological concept of diffusion and can help to explain how ideas are spread by individuals, social networks and organizations.

Frankenstein: Who is the victim? :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Frankenstein, the monster and Victor are both put through many depressing and hurtful situations. I think that the monster was the true victim. He was rejected by everyone he came across from the day he entered life. His creator was never there to teach him right from wrong or responsibility. And also, the monster's soon-to-be wife was killed before his eyes. These agonies are what make the monster more of a victim than Victor Frankenstein does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning, the monster was abandoned by his creator Victor, the only man he's ever had a relationship with. He was made eight feet tall and very grotesque. At first sight, his creator rejects him. The monster tries to integrate himself into society, only to be shunned universally. When the creature goes to the village, he is attacked because of his horrifying appearance. He assists a group of poor peasants and saves a girl from drowning, but because of his outward looks, he is rewarded only with beatings and disgust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The monster is left to live his life with no help from his creator after being abandoned. While having the mind of a newborn, this is not easy for him. By not knowing right from wrong, he murdered Victor's loved ones in order to get attention. He never had anyone to teach him how to live life with dignity and respect. This is a major loss for a living being. The creator is at fault here because the monster does not know better. Victor should have taken responsibility by accepting, raising, and controlling the monster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Victor destroys his work on the female monster meant to ease the monster's solitude, the monster is overcome with suffering and sadness. These feelings affected his state of mind and caused him to do wrong things. He did not deserve to see his one and only mate be destroyed.

Native American Indians Essay

Indian Nations are sovereign governments, recognized in and hundreds of treaties with the U. S. President. The history of this continent’s original inhabitants encompasses a broad range of cultures and experiences. American Indians varied greatly from region to region, as did their reactions to European settlement. This website will delve into the vast and storied background of most tribes and seek to supply the visitors with as much knowledge as possible about the proud history of Native Americans. Please join us on this journey into the past, experience the present and dream about the future of the American Indian. When Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492 he was welcomed by a brown-skinned people whose physical appearance confirmed him in his opinion that he had at last reached India, and whom, therefore, he called Indios, Indians, a name which, however mistaken in its first application continued to hold its own, and has long since won general acceptance, except in strictly scientific writing, where the more exact term American is commonly used. As exploration was extended north and south it was found that the same race was spread over the whole continent, from the Arctic shores to Cape Horn, everywhere alike in the main physical characteristics, with the exception of the Eskimo in the extreme North, whose features suggest the Mongolian. Tribes and Nations Native Americans (American Indians) make up less than one percent of the total U. S. population but represent half the languages and cultures in the nation. The term â€Å"Native American† includes over 500 different groups and reflects great diversity of geographic location, language, socioeconomic conditions, school experience, and retention of traditional spiritual and cultural practices. However, most of the commercially prepared teaching materials available present a generalized image of Native American people with little or no regard for differences that exist from tribe to tribe. Mohawk (Iroquois): The Iroquois League, or Five Nations of the Iroquois, was the most powerful Indian military alliance in the eastern part of North America and probably the most successful alliance of any kind between so many important tribes. There were three principal clans – deer, turtle and wolf – existing within the five nations, and this was probably an important unifying factor in the league. The league was formed in the late sixteenth century at which time the five nations had a combined population of 7000. Mohican (Mohegan) and/or Mahican: What a confusion of facts. After reading through several texts and visiting many sites on the web, it has become clear as mud that everyone has a differing opinion about the relationships between these three tribes. We will therefore include them all on one page and maybe through your wanderings, you will discover the truth. If you do, please let us in on it. Creek: The Creek were originally one of the dominant tribes in the mid-south and later became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes. They were known in their own language as Muskoke or Muskoge, by the Shawnee as Humaskogi, by the Delaware as Masquachki and by the British as the Ochese Creek Indians, hence the present name. Their name has been adapted for that of their linguistic group and for Muskogee, Oklahoma, which was a major city of the Creek Nation in Indian Territory. Cherokee: The Cherokee were one of the largest tribes in the Southeast and were among the earliest to adapt to European civilization. Their name is written Tsalagi in their own language, and they were called Chalakki by the Choctaw, whose language was the language of trade in the Southeast. Southwest Navajo (Dineh, Navaho): The Navajo tribe is the largest in the United States, with some 200,000 people occupying the largest and area reserved for Native Americans – 17 million acres in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The word Navajo derives from the Spanish word for ‘people with big fields. ‘ At the time of the arrival of the white man they had developed agriculture, though on a smaller scale than the nearby Hopi and Pueblo peoples. The Navajo were less sedentary than the Hopi and Pueblo tribes, but more so than the Apache of the same region. Zuni: The Zuni, like the Hopi, were linguistically distinct from the Pueblo tribes but related to them culturally. The three groups, Zuni, Hopi and Pueblo, had several important characteristics in common. First of all, they lived in pueblos (Spanish for village), which were a composite of adobe houses, frequently interconnected and occasionally multistoried, much like a modern apartment complex. While each Pueblo tribe was associated with a single pueblo, the Hopi and Zuni were each associated with several, and not all members of these tribes lived in pueblos. Hopi: The Hopi, whose name comes from hopitu meaning ‘the peaceful ones,’ are traditionally associated culturally with the Zuni and with eht Pueblo Indians. All of these people live in pueblos or cities comprised of a complex of sometimes jultistoried, rectangular houses. The name pueblo drives from the Spanish word for ‘people’. The Hopi are descendants of people who migrated into the Southwest prior to 1000 BC. By 700 AD they had developed agriculture and were raising corn, beans, squash and cotton. By 1100 AD they had abandoned their aboriginal pit housed for multi-level adobe houses, and had founded cities at Oraibi and Mesa Verde. Yavapai: From prehistoric times, the Yavapai lived as hunters and gatherers practicing occasional agriculture on over nine million acres of central and western Arizona. The three primary groups of Yavapai maintained good relationships with each other and are now located at Ft. McDowell, Camp Verde and Prescott. The Yavapai are known for weaving excellent baskets, which are displayed in many museums. Apache: The Apache (from a Zuni word meaning â€Å"enemy†) are a North American Indian people of the Southwest. Their name for themselves is Inde, or Nde (â€Å"the people†). The major nomadic tribe in the American Southwest, the Apache, was also the Last major tribe to surrender to government control in the 1880s Plains Kiowa: The Kiowa name is derived from kai-gwa, meaning ‘principal people,’ and legend has it that they originated in the Yellowstone River country of central Montana. In the eighteenth century, having obtained horses, they moved onto the plains to hunt buffalo. During this time they made alliances with both the Kiowa-Apache as well as their former enemies, the Comanche. This latter association was the basis for the Kiowa-Comanche Reservation formed in Indian Territory in 1892. The Kiowa are noted for having kept a written history. This historical record was kept in the form of a pictographic calendar painted and updated twice a year, in winter and summer, on buffalo skins. Pawnee (Pani, Pana, Panana, Panamaha, Panimaha): The Pawnee name may have derived from Caddoan pariki, meaning ‘horn,’ a reference to the peculiar manner inwhich the tribe wore the scalplock. The Paunee lived in established villages similar to those of the Mandan. They practiced agriculture but also hunted buffalo on the plains part of the year. They had a complex religion unrelated to other Plains tribes that included offering female captives as a sacrifice to ensure abundant crops. Comanche: The Comanche are an offshoot of the Shoshone and one of several numanic speaking tribes. They are linguistically related to the Shoshone, Ute and Paiute, whose language is remotely related to Aztec. Their name comes from the Spanish camino ancho, which means â€Å"wide trail. † They once lived in the Rocky Mountains near the Shoshone, but migrated to the plains to hunt buffalo. Though they became nomadic Plains Indians, they still maintained good relations with the Shoshone. Osage (Wazhazhe): Closely related to the Omaha, Kansa, Quopaw and Ponca, the Osage are thought to have once lived in the Ohio River valley, but they were first encountered by the white man in Missouri, where they were recorded as having large cornfields. They usually lived in earth lodges, but when on hunting trips to the northern plains in search of buffalo, they carried and used the plains tipi. Great Lakes Miami (Maumee, Twightwee): The Miami, whose name comes from the Chippewa omaumeg, or ‘people who live on the peninsula,’ first came into contact with white men in 1658 near Green Bay, Wisonsin, but they soon withdrew to the headwaters of the Fox River and later to the headwaters of the Wabash and Maumee rivers. The Miami had good relations with the French, with whom they were allied. They were also closely associated with the Piankashaw, who were once thought to be part of the Miami tribe. Huron (Wyandot): The name Wyandot (or Wendat) is Iroquoian for ‘people of the peninsula,’ a reference to a peninsula in sourthern Ontario eas of Lake Huron where they originally lived. Their population was estimated at 20,000 in 1615 when first encountered by the French under Samuel de Champlain, who referred to them as Huron (‘bristly-headed ruffian’). The first Wyandot groups inthe region probably arrived in the early fourteenth century. In addition to maize, the Wyandot raised beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco. Ottawa: The name Ottawa is derived from the Algonquian adawe, meaning ‘to trade,’ an apt name for the tribe, who had an active trading relationship with the related Chippewa and Potawatomi as well as other tribes of the region. Like the Chippewa, they built birch bark canoes and harvested wild rice. Ottawa Chief Pontiac rose by 1755 as one of the most important Indian leaders of the era. Ojibwa (Chippewa): To end any confusion, the Ojibwa and Chippewa are not only the same tribe, but the same word pronounced a little differently due to accent. If an â€Å"O† is placed in front of Chippewa (O’chippewa), the relationship becomes apparent. Ojibwa is used in Canada, although Ojibwa west of Lake Winnipeg are sometime referred to as the Saulteaux. In United States, Chippewa was used in all treaties and is the official name. The Chippewas were the largest and most powerful tribe in the Great Lakes country, with a range that extended from the edge of Iroquois territory in the Northeast to the Sioux-dominated Great Plains. Both of these major tribes were traditional Chippewa rivals, but neither was powerful enough to threaten the Chippewa heartland, where the Chippewa was master. The tribe used the lakes and rivers of the region like a vast highway network, and developed the birch bark canoe into one of the continent’s major means of transportation. Northwest Nez Perce: Nez Perce is a misnomer given by the interpreter of the Lewis and Clark expedition team of 1805. The French translate it as â€Å"pierced nose. † This is untrue as the Nee-me-poo did not practice nose piercing or wearing ornaments. The â€Å"pierced nose† people lived on the lower Columbia River and throughout other parts of the Northwest. The famous indian chief and leader, Chief Joseph, was of the Nez Perce. Flathead (Salish): The Flathead, a subgroups of the Spokane tribes, were given their name from a custom common to many Salishan people of practicing head deformation by strapping their infants to hard cradleboards. This flattened the back of the head and made the top appear more round. The Flathead, conversely, did not practice head flattening, and therefore the tops of their heads were flatter than those of the other Salishan people, hence the name. Blackfoot (Siksika): The Blackfoot are one of the several numanic-speaking tribes, and were historically allied with the nomadic Atsina. Ther were the archetypal Plains Indians, for whom the buffalo provided nearly all their needs, from food to clothing to leather for their tipis. Shoshone (Shoshoni): The Shoshone were the most wide-ranging of the Great Basin tribes, with a habitat that stretched from the eastern Oregon desert to southern Colorado. They were closely related to the Bannock, Gosiute, Paiute and Ute, with whom they shared these lands and with shown there was a good deal of intermarriage. Kwakiutl: The Kwakiutl were one of the major tribes of the Northwest Coast and once encompassed other nearby tribes such as the Bella Bella, Kitimat, Makah and Nootka, with whom they are linguistically related. Their villages were typical of the Northwest Coast, with large cedar plank houses and intricately carved totem poles, representing the animals with whom a particular family might be religiously associated. Works Cited â€Å"Rebuilding Native American Communities† by Don Coyhis & Richard Simonelli, Child Welfare, Mar/Apr 2005 (15 pages). â€Å"Native American Feminism, Sovereignty, and Social Change† by Andrea Smith, Feminist Studies, Spring 2005 (17 pages). â€Å"The Paradox of Native American Indian Intellectualism and Literature† by Kathryn Winona Shanley, MELUS, Fall/Winter 2004 (20 pages). â€Å"American Indian History as Continuing Story† by Peter Iverson, Historian, Fall 2004 (8 pages). â€Å"Anti-colonial Strategies for the Recovery and Maintenance of Indigenous Knowledge† by Leanne R. Simpson, American Indian Quarterly, Summer/Fall 2004 (12 pages). â€Å"Sovereignty: The Rhetoric v. The Reality† by Paul Boyer, Tribal College Journal, Fall 2004 (4 pages). â€Å"Developing an Effective Approach to Strategic Planning for Native American Indian Reservations† by Nicholas Zaferatos, Space & Polity, April 2004 (18 pages). â€Å"Ethnogeography and the Native American Past† by James Carson Taylor, Ethnohistory, Fall 2002 (20 pages). â€Å"Indigenous Identity† by Hillary N. Weaver, American Indian Quarterly, Spring 2001 (16 pages) â€Å"What We Want to be Called? † by Michael Yellow Bird, American Indian Quarterly, Spring 1999 (21 pages) â€Å"Native American Population Pattern† by Mathew J. Shumway, Geographical Review, April 1995 (17 pages) . The North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment (Harry N. Abrams, 2003) Native American: A History in Pictures (DK Adult, 2000) Atlas of North American History (Checkmark Books, 2000) We Are Still Here: American Indians in the Twentieth Century (Harlan Davidson Inc. 1998) The Native Americans: The Indigenous People of North America (Advanced Marketing Services, 1999) Through Indian Eyes: The Untold Story of Native American Peoples (Reader’s Digest Association, 1995) Dictionary of Native American Mythology by Gill, Sam D and Sullivan, Irene F (ABC-Clio, 1992) Exiled in the land of the free: Democracy, Indian nations, and the U. S. Constitution (Clear Light Publishers, 1991) The Native American Experience (Facts on File, 1991). The great father: the United States government and the American Indians by Prucha, Francis Paul (University of Nebraska Press,1986) Voices of the Winds: Native American Legends by Edmonds, Margot and Clark, Ella Elizabeth (Facts on File, 1989) Atlas of the North American Indians by Waldman, Carl (Facts on File, 1984) Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (Hill & Wang, 1983) The Talking stone: An anthology of native American tales and legends (Greenwillow Books, New York, 1979) The Indians of the southeastern United States by Swanton, John Reed (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979)

All About Dyes

No one really knows how or when people first learned that colors could be taken from natural materials to be transferred onto stone, wood, clay, skin, or cloth. Many early discoveries were probably accidental: a section of cloth stained brown by someone sitting on iron-rich soil; a cook’s hands absorbed color from food during preparation. An interest for color is next to human nature. Color perceives life, things, moods and movements as well as taste. Can you imagine a world devoid of color? Certainly not. For example, an art aficionado cannot properly appreciate Michelangelo’s painting of â€Å"The Last Supper† if it lacks color because color depicts the theme of that painting. Mercifully, necessity always comes into play for as they say, â€Å"necessity is the mother of all inventions†. Man’s necessity drove him to be resourceful and make things out of nothing either by accident or sheer force of nature, to fulfill his needs and improve the lives of others. The discovery of coloring materials such as dyes were the by-products of a man’s never-ceasing thinking cap, signaling a domino effect to the invention of synthetic dyes—dyes produced from chemical infusions. This paper will discuss the common information one has to learn in order to know the benefits people gain from using dyes and to use it with concern on its effects on the environment and on the user itself. The process of tie-dyeing, a method common in many societies and in the fashion industry, will also be discussed as a form of craft and an alternative to the different fashion trends being followed today. Origin and History A dye is a substance capable of coloring materials such as textiles, paper or plastics and is generally applied in a solution or dispersion. Dyes, as said are usually of natural origin but nowadays are all synthetically made. Various discoveries were made by leading chemists such as Peter Woulfe, Michael Faraday and Sir William Henry Perkin as the years progressed. Earliest records of using dyestuffs dates’ way back 2600 B. C. in China. As no chemical-producing colors were yet to be invented, colors were derived by natural means. Natural dyes such as quercitron, a black oak’s bark yields a yellow dye, and cudbear, a red or purple dye obtained from lichens used as a colorant in pharmaceutical preparations were some early sources. Cudbear is another natural dye patented by its discoverer Dr. Cuthbert Gordon. From dated artifacts and early manuscripts we know that long before the Christian era many civilizations in various parts of the world were using dyes and pigments for many purposes. All dyes available to men from antiquity came from natural sources. Most of these were vegetable extracts and a few were from animal products a popular example of which was the Tyrian purple dye derived from a Mediterranean mollusk murex, utilized for the emperor’s robes and tunic (http://www. dyesonline. net). Hence, the colors produced from these sources were scarce and limited. The middle Ages and early years of the Renaissance saw the dye industry spread from the eastern Mediterranean toward the west and northward into Europe. It is said that there were some 200 dye enterprises in Jerusalem during the 12th century. In 1160 A. D, Jewish dyers gained influence westward and took control of most of the Italian dye industry. Florence, Italy in the 14th century was famous for their dye works. As the Renaissance progressed and Europe began importing indigo and other dyes, controversy arose concerning the handling and control of foreign dyestuffs (http://www. herbsociety-stu. org/Dyeing. htm). Dyes were also a part of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Proofs were unearthed Egyptian mummies wrapped a cloth dyed red, probably from the juice of the madder plant. Even Alexander the Great of Macedonia fooled his adversaries by sprinkling red dye on his army to deceive that they were mortally wounded. Based on legend, dyes were a part of a Roman civilization. The demi-god Hercules discovered Tyrian purple, when his dog bit a snail which stained his jaw purple. It can be explained why most of the kings and queen’s robes were usually purple. The color indigo is found in many antique quilts, both in cloth dyed by traditional methods of vat dyeing, and fabric that has been synthetically-dyed. In Malaysia and Indonesia, a method called Batik dyeing was used in ancient times. It employs wax treatment to the cloth beforehand to produced unusual designs and patterns to the cloth. From natural dyes came the discovery of producing synthetic dyes that can be used easily and can adopt well when applied into different kind s of surfaces and fabrics. The British chemist, Peter Woulfe, treated the natural dye indigo with nitric acid to create picric acid. Though able to stain various materials yellow, it was not used for this purpose until the late 1840’s (http://www. micro. magnet. fsu. du/micro/gallery. html). The birth synthetic dyes started with the discovery of Scottish chemist, Sir William Henry Perkin of â€Å"mauve or mauveine†, a pale purple dye obtained from crude aniline, and the first synthetic dye to be manufactured and used. This breakthrough opened the possibilities of creating a variety of dyes through the synthesis of materials. The emergence of synthe tic dye industries phased out the previously used natural dyes among manufacturers. Composition Chief compositions of dyes are substances synthesized from aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, benzene and naphthalene. Traditionally, hydrocarbons were derived from a raw material called coal tar. Coal tar is a thick black liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal in coke oven or retort to give such important products such as benzene, discovered by Michael Faraday, phenol, naphthalene and creosote. As the name suggests, hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only (Sakheim and Lehman, p. 248). Sources of hydrocarbons are petroleum and natural gas. Classification Dyes are classified in several ways. They may be classified to the fiber or materials to which they are applied or on their chemical contents. Types of dyes include direct or substantive dyes, which can color fabrics with the aid of an affixing agent called mordant; disperse dyes, which are generally used to dye nylon and other hydrophobic fibers, the fiber-reactive dyes, mordant dyes and vat dyes (Abrahart, p. 7). Vat dyes such as indigo are commonly used for cotton and other cellulosic fibers. Direct dyes are cheaper in usage because it can be applied by just simply dipping the fabric in the solution. Fixation rate or the rate of how fast a dye stains a material may depend on the pressure, heat and the ability of the substance to permeate the given material. Other types include Azo dyes. It is the largest group of dyes. All types of azo dyes amount to over one thousand and are commercially the most important class of synthetic coloring (http://www. dyesonline. net). Forms Forms of dyes include powder, granules, pastes, liquids, pellets and chips to suit different kinds of surfaces and fabric textures and also for flexibility in application. Liquid and powder dyes are generally for fabrics. Forms of dyes are alternated to best adopt to heat, weather conditions, ultra-violet rays and also in reinforcing fiber, free from heavy metals. Methods The process of dyeing may be done depending on the specific dye to be used as well as the material on which it will be applied. Silk, wool and some other textiles may, for instance, be directly applied by simply dipping them into the colorant (http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/micro/gallery/dyes. html). In the Philippines, the method of dyeing involves dissolving the powdered dye into boiling water. The t-shirt to be dyed beforehand is tied with rubber bands on desired area of the shirts to create circular designs or prints. Other method involves the use of vats and the affixing agent mordant for better color cohesiveness. Uses Anything can be tie dyed – T-shirts, jeans, sheets, pillowcases, fabric, scarves, and sportswear. From acting as colorants in plastics as well as in the field of biotechnology, Dyes were commercially used in the textile industry for variations in fabric colors such as in t-shirts, handkerchief, draperies and other fabrics. The world of art has never been the same again since the emergence of different color variations from acrylic supplies. The first acrylic-based color was Prussian blue. In the field of cosmetics, hair dyes were invented. The first hair coloring was sold in 1907 in France. In 1956, Miss Clairol became the first in-home hair dye that was also used as a shampoo (Buckley, p. 72). Photography also benefited from the invention of dyes. Men like Eastman-Kodak, Daguerre and Niecephore made used of dyes in their attempt to improve photography by putting in colored forms (Rigg and Stone, p. 8). Dyes are also used as a colorant for food and drinks. Carbonated drinks, junk foods and preserved foods make use of dyes to stimulate appetite among its patrons. Other dye applications includes paper and pulp products, adhesives, art supplies, beverages, ceramics, construction materials, glass, paints, polymers, soaps and in the industry of inking and tinting. Modern technology made money and investment s in this industry. Without dyes, we never would have colored printed documents from the computer. In fashion, dyed shawls became a part of a person’s accessory. Beautiful sarongs and malongs with varying styles and designs can be seen almost everywhere on the beach. Men and women alike cannot resist showing off their fashion statements, whether in or out of the sun. Dyes are an integral part of Microbiology. Dyes are used to make microorganisms distinctly visible and or to differentiate them. Crystal violet (C-8650) and safranine (S-0700) are the two dyes that are used in Gram’s stain, a technique of staining to classify bacteria respectively. In it, a bacterial specimen is stained with crystal violet, afterwards it is treated with iodine solution, decolorized with alcohol and lastly again counter-stained with safranine. It has been found out that Gram-positive bacteria is able to retain the violet stain, while Gram-negative cannot (http://dyespigments,com/applications. html). Tie-Dyeing Tie-dyeing method is common to hand-loom weavers of the ancient times and became popular in the revival of craft in the 1960's. It is used to decorate curtains and table cloths but is now been utilized to create artistic designs on casual clothes. Since then tie-dyed clothes and cloths are now a common feature in craft fairs. Even though tie-dyeing is truly an art, the process can involve ordinary people and engage them in relatively easy methods on designing their clothes. First, the materials to be used must be prepared. Home tie-dyeing do not require any chemicals of some sort thus removing the risks of hazardous exposures. Materials include cotton t-shirt, dye in various colors, rubber gloves, rubber bands, salt, mixing containers, and water. The rubber gloves do not only prevent the person to color his or her own hands with dye but also prevents harmful dusts common in dye powders. Mixing containers are used in mixing dyes to have different colors and also used for dipping the clothes. The rubber bands will be used to tie the shirts. Other safety instruments like a face mask should be used. The next step is to tie portions of the shirt. Different techniques in tying can create different patterns and designs. Basically, the areas tied by the rubber bands become the border of colors. Through random or patterned ties, horizontal pleats create vertical stripes and vice versa, one can create designs using the rubber bands. However, one should make sure that the ties are tight to prevent the dye from penetrating and coloring the entire cloth. Using the instructions provided by the manufacturer, mix the dyes accordingly in separate containers. Some powder dyes generally require to be mixed in boiling or hot water in order to dissolve. Do so carefully. One may also combine colors to create other desired but unavailable ones. After it is mixed add a few teaspoons of salt to the mixture. The salt can help set the pigment of the dye. Using rubber gloves, swirl the tied shirt in the dye mixture, immersing different areas in different dye colors. Leave the areas soaked for about an hour for it to fully absorb the colors. After soaking let th shirts sit and dry for about 3-4 hours. After drying rinse it with water and remove the rubber bands. Tie-dyeing is usually constituted with trial and error. The maker cannot really see the designs made by his or her ties. However one should always make sure that the ties are tight. Also, proper working clothes should also be worn. Old clothes are suggested and rubber gloves are required. Lastly, always protect work areas with old newspapers and other protective materials to prevent it from being colored. Environmental Issues and Health Hazards For one thing, dyes are toxic. As synthetic dye industries began to flourish with time, certainly, there is need to produce dyes in large quantities and efficiencies. And since dyes are chemically synthesized, environmental hazards were encountered by dye manufacturers and textile companies. In the research, Health Hazards in the Dye Industry, A. K. Smith, M. D. hazards concerning chemical compounds threaten workers in crowded dye industries of severe diseases. Smith saw the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids used to nitrate benzine or toluene components as very dangerous to workers exposed on such mixed acids. Nitrous fumes also causes severe respiratory conditions together with atomized acids including nitric peroxide which can be inhaled by workers in the industry. Hair products like hair dyes in cosmetics are said to be harmful to the scalp when a person changes his hair color frequently. Chemicals like AZO in dyes can easily penetrate the scalp and may cause itchiness, allergies and irritation, even cancer as recent studies shows. In the world today, we are exposed to many agents, some of them naturally occurring and some of them man-made, that either cause direct genetic damage or therefore might be able to produce cancers, or which alter our hormone levels which might encourage cancerous cells to grow. Powder dye in particular can cause adverse health effects like asthma, eczema, and severe allergic reactions on people exposed to its dust. The handling of powder dye and its transfer from large to small containers releases dust which may be inhaled or may stick on a worker's skin. This exposure to dust are also perceived to be a source of cancer due to its potent occupational carnocinogen (Wallace). From the invention of the first synthetic organic dyes in mid 19th century till late sixties, textile world was oblivious of the hazardous effects of textile dyes on humans, living species and environment in general. Also, then came the findings of the various Research Institutes of Europe who were engaged in the field of Textile research, that some of these dyes are potentially carcinogenic. The manufacturing of Eco-labeled dyes are now being promoted to increase awareness on the adverse effects of using dyes on human health and on the environment. Though many new policies are making it hard for the dye industry to survive, these new regulations are necessary for human and environmental welfare. â€Å"The extensive use of dyes often poses pollution problems in the form of colored wastewater discharge into environmental water bodies,† said by R. Kaur, TPS Walia, and Sumanjit in a research presented in the Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. A lot of cases throughout the whole world are reported about the roles of dyes in connection with variety of skin, lung, and other respiratory disorders. † They also added that the chemicals in dyeing processes causes variations in wastewater chracteristics like pH, color, and chemical oxygen demand. These changes in characteristics prevents typical wastewater treatment facilities and procedures from handling con taminated waters effectively. In 2006, the Yellow River in China has been reported to have turned red caused by the discharge of dyed water in the river (AP, 2006). China is known to be a major user of dyes even in the ancient past and is still using it in large quantities. The accident turned a half-mile section of the river into bright red due to spill and then feared to have some toxic effects on the people around the area. It would take some time in chemistry to produce products that are environment-friendly. People should do their share in making this world a healthy place to live in. Conclusion Certainly colors are everywhere. People can find it even in the most unexpected materials. Dyeing has been used for thousands of years already starting with soil and certain leaves as sources of colors. Now certain chemicals can be used to create artificial colors in decorating cloths for various uses. Dyes are also being utilized in fashion, through hair coloring and clothings. Various forms, powder, liquid, or chips are made to fit in every methods. Regardless of its many uses, careful application should be maintained in order not only to protect ourselves from its hazardous implications but also to prevent our environment from deteriorating due to wastes. Still, one can never erase the diverse benefits people have from using dyes, simply on its adding of color in their life. Online Sources http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/dyes.html March 01,2004 http://dyespigments,com/applications.html http://www.herbsociety-stu.org/Dyeing.htm. http://www.dyesonline.net http://www.tokyopop.com/Robofish/tp_article/286950.html http://www.greenbeans.co.nz/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=265_209 http://www.wormspit.com/dyeing.htm http://www.pburch.net/dyeing/howtotiedye.shtml

First amendment Essays - Supreme Court, United States Constitution

First amendment Essays - Supreme Court, United States Constitution First amendment Reflections on the First Amendment The first amendment to the United States Constitution states that no law can be made to create a national religion, or imped the free practice of any or no religion. It also states that no one can infringe on the freedom of speech, freedom of press, and that no one can interfere with the right to peaceably assemble. This paper will cover the rights of privacy the first amendment protects, why so many cases need to be interpreted by the Supreme Court, and how those decisions made by the Supreme Court affect the rights of Americans today. Rights of Privacy. The United States Constitution was written to be an instruction guide for what America?s government can do, not what the American citizens can do. The Constitution does not clearly express any right to privacy. The first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of the Rights, reflects the concerns brought up during the ratification process of the Constitution, specifically reflected the rights and privileges of the American citizen. Amendment rights are not always protected. The notable court case of Garcetti v. Ceballos questioned the privacy of an employee, in which the Supreme Court decided ?When public employees make statements pursuant to their official duties, they are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline? (Garcettu v. Ceballos, 2006).It is clear from the Constitution that the Post Office was established to keep correspondence private and not to be opened by anyone except the recipien t, but the envisioned right to privacy is still very debatable. In the fourth amendment citizens are protected from any reasonable searches and seizers, but in recent years airport scans, wiretapping, and many other means to protect American citizens are put to the test of what is the right of privacy. Supreme Court. The Constitution?s Article III established the federal judiciary that would serve as a check of power to the executive and legislature but also as a national institution that could settle disputes among states and try to unify the laws of America. The Supreme Court?s most important power was not part of the Constitution. In the case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 where Chief Justice, and Federalist, John Marshall set the precedence for the Supreme Courts power of judicial review. Judicial review gave the Court the right to review and take action against any legislation; local, state, or federal, and deem it unconstitutional. Congress later created the lower courts to ease the burden of the Supreme Court. The lower courts consist of the United States District Court, the United States Court of Appeals. With only a fraction of cases heard by the Supreme Court these lower courts have tremendous power over how laws are interpreted. The Supreme Court clears up matters where the lower courts ca nnot agree or by exhausting the lower court?s rulings. The Supreme Court changes with the American people. New appointments to the Court by new presidents and the temperament of the American public make a difference in how the Constitution is interpreted. The Supreme Court has reversed or drastically changed around 40 cases in its history. Rights of citizens. When the Supreme Court hears a case and makes their ruling, a precedent is set. The Court works toward a balance of the rights of the individual and the needs of society at large. When the Court issues a ruling the rights of all American citizens are changed or clarified. These rulings also affect all courts, previously laws passed, and being create. The most recent ruling from the Supreme Court is met with mix emotions. For six years the various states have tried to put laws into effect regarding violent video games, and each time these have been taken to court, they have lost. June 27, 2011, the Supreme Court ruled in agreement with the lower courts that such laws are unconstitutional restrictions on the first amendment. ?If there were a longstanding tradition in this county of specially restricting children?s access to depictions of violence, but there is none? (Justice Alito, 2011). This ruling is upsetting to those that feel these types of games should not be marketed to childre n, but precedence has been

Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essays

Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essays Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essay Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essay Understanding how the construct of adult females s authorization is interpreted and implemented on the land in Burundi nowadayss many challenges, in portion because the construct is so wide. There are a figure of organisations in Burundi that claim to advance adult females s empowerment including: Action Aid, CAFOB ( Collectif des Associations et ONGs Feminines du Burundi ) , ADDF ( Association pour La Defense des Droits de la Femme ) , CDF ( Centre de Developpement Familial ) and Dushirehamwe. Given my reappraisal of the literature on gender and development, adult females s authorization and micro-finance, I was interested in happening out how environmental, agricultural and micro-finance concerns were combined in specific undertakings, and the peculiar challenges that such undertakings present for adult females in Burundi, NGO staff, authorities functionaries and for current theories of gender and development. In footings of methodological analysis, I adopted a instance survey attack. Due to both limited clip in the field and my positionality as an employee of one NGO -Floresta in Rutana, Burundi working on adult females s authorization. This has contributed to my cognition of these issues by covering with those challenges. The instance survey is a relevant method as it allows research workers to retain the holistic and meaningful features of the real-life events ( Yin 2009:4 ) . However, trusting on instance surveies for research still remains a challenge in the societal scientific disciplines because the instance surveies use multiple beginnings of grounds. My focal point on Floresta helped me understand how adult females s authorization is understood and practiced in Rutana Province, replying the first of my research inquiries. The sub-questions chiefly concentrate on how Floresta defines the construct of adult females s authorization and what are the factors associated with adult femal es s authorization in the rural Burundi country ( Rutana ) . The sub-questions are linked to my chief inquiry because adult females ( donees of Floresta Project ) and the organisation s ain readings of adult females s authorization were used to specify the construct. I was able to talk with the caput of gender plans in authorities to better understand how the Ministry of Gender Promotion defined the construct of adult females s authorization. Interestingly, the authorities s definition of empowerment relates extremely to political engagement, nevertheless, many adult females have non even been able to go to school and are husbandmans ( 70 % ) . 4.2 Choice of Floresta as a instance survey As a citizen of Burundi, this subject is of peculiar importance to me, and presents an chance for me to portion with the reader the rural twenty-four hours life of adult females in Rutana. When I finish my university surveies, I will return to full-time work with Floresta ; as I worked at that place antecedently. The advantages of working with this organisation for my research are many, including easy entree to paperss and studies and my acquaintance with the staff for beging interviews. The disadvantage of choosing Floresta as a instance survey include issues of being excessively influenced by the organisation s position of development because of holding worked there and the job of rural adult females respondents cognizing that I work with Floresta and therefore supplying responses that they think will delight the organisation. Other challenges include the inaccessibility of some adult females because of their busy agendas. I reported twice a meeting with one of the associations. My interviews with rural adult females were conducted in Kirundi and my interviews with NGO/associations, Floresta staff and others were in French. Translation from Kirundi to English and from French to English was disputing. 4.3. Background of Floresta Floresta is the lone NGO in Rutana that uses an incorporate activities attack ( uniting agribusiness with a microcredit plan ) . Floresta has been at the service of communities since 1984 in the Dominican Republic and extended its services to other states including Haiti, Mexico, Tanzania, Thailand, and Burundi. The mission of Floresta, as a Christian non-profit organisation, is to change by reversal deforestation and poorness in the universe, by transforming the lives of the rural hapless. Through instruction, Floresta develops communities by promoting hapless husbandmans to take ownership of their ain jobs, and gives them the assurance to use solutions. Advanced agribusiness and forestry systems enable rural husbandmans to do the best possible usage of the resources that they already possess . ( Floresta Burundi, Annual Rapport 2009 ) . Floresta Teachs and promotes agro forestry, re-afforestation, dirt preservation, and a host of other sustainable techniques. Furthermore, through community loans, Floresta helps people to come on beyond bare subsistence, every bit good as to diversify small town economic systems as the most effectual manner to contend poorness. In October 2008, Floresta Burundi was officially registered in Burundi as a national NGO under no. 530/1076 of 22nd October 2008. The Board of Directors, made up of 7 members ( 3 adult females and 4 work forces ) was formed. Staff enlisting and an office were officially opened in Rutana in November 2008. Floresta was registered with the Ministry of Finance for Professional Income revenue enhancement ( IPR ) under no. 2636164022 and with National Social Security ( INSS ) under no 100861. Floresta intervened in five states ( Rutana, Bururi, Makamba, Bujumbura rural and Bubanza ) out of 17 in Rutana, in five out of six communes ( Rutana, Giharo, Bukemba, Gitanga and Musongati ) . ( Ibid.2009:3 ) Second, I focus my research on rural adult females in the Floresta s associations in Rutana Province ( South of Burundi ) because most of the members are returnees and refugees coming from Tanzania and the bulk were adult females. Conflict related force affected physical, psychological, economic, societal, and cultural conditions of both work forces and adult females. Womans were peculiarly affected by sexual force, the loss of their kids and hubbies, supplanting into cantonments for refugees, and displaced individuals, and sometimes forced into armed forces. The direct and indirect force led to a broad array of negative effects such as stigmatisation of victims of colza, who contracted sexual transmitted diseases ( HIV/AIDS ) , suffered unwanted gestations. These jobs are aggravated by the patriarchal system of Burundian society and the absence of equal province and actions to turn to them. A widow can non have belongings that originally belonged to the household of her asleep hubby . This is exacerbated by Torahs, peculiarly refering land ownership, disfavoring adult females in respect to inheritance rights. Map 1.1 Map of Burundi turn uping states where Floresta is being implemented Beginning: Adapted by the research worker 4.4 Methods of informations assemblage The information for this survey was collected during a seven-week field visit to Burundi that took topographic point from the 14th of July to the 27th of August in 2012. My analysis focuses on four communes: Giharo and Gitanga ( old partnerships with Floresta ) , Musongati and Bukemba ( recent partnerships with Floresta ) . These communes portion similar issues of economic exposure, nutrient insecurity, and the stigmatisation of adult females, force, and gender inequality. I interviewed 29 cardinal donees involved in adult females s authorization. In add-on to taking a instance survey attack, I employed qualitative methods to obtain information from a scope of beginnings. 4.4.1. Data aggregation techniques This research employed a qualitative attack, utilizing semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, and observation. I used a qualitative attack to analyze the links between rural adult females s position and Floresta s activities. Secondary stuffs Secondary informations such as newspapers and internal memos in Floresta were helpful for this undertaking because they allowed the research worker an insider s position in the organisation. Primary research with people: The class of respondents that were relevant to my research includes: Other NGOs that promote adult females s authorization Staff from the Ministry of Gender Promotion Floresta staff Womans donees Representatives from the provincial Department of Agriculture and Livestock Representatives of the micro-credit strategy Primary information was collected in two stages ; the first visit was used to reach and form cardinal sources for the interviews and concentrate group. In footings of research topics, I divided them harmonizing to their functions and the sorts of inquiries that I hoped that they would reply. While each group of histrions helps inform the constructs, schemes, and patterns of adult females s authorization, their actions, demands, and involvements differ from each other. Specifically, I interviewed 12 adult females, including NGO members ( 5 ) , authorities ( 1 ) , agribusiness and Microfinance sectors representatives ( 2 ) , Floresta staff ( 6 ) , the Governor of Rutana Province ( 1 ) and the staff in the Provincial section of agribusiness and farm animal in the state to understand and turn up their positions and patterns around the construct of adult females s authorization. Interviews The research interview is based on a conversation about day-to-day life ( Kvale and Brinkmann 2009 ) . Much of the qualitative work in this paper was collected through targeted interviews with open-ended inquiries. As stated above, a assortment of cardinal histrions included authorities establishments, different mediators, and private sector organisations, both involved and non involved with Floresta Burundi. In entire, 27 interviews were conducted ( for a complete list see Appendix 2 ) . By questioning cardinal histrions in adult females s authorization, I compared the constructs, definitions, and patterns of adult females s authorization in relation to development. I interviewed a mix of six associations ( twelve members ) to look into the construct of adult females s authorization in Rutana Province. My inquiries focused on bing associations environing adult females s authorization, its germinating definition over clip, and what it might look like in the rural context. Focus Groups A focal point group is a type of interview with about 4 to 12 people ( O Leary, 2010 ) . The primary end of focal point treatment is to travel in deepness of sentiments that will originate in the direct inquiring. For my instance, my focal point group was composed by adult females ( 4 ) and work forces ( 6 ) . It was enlightening acquiring to cognize the work forces s sentiments environing adult females s authorization, and farther edifying analyzing how focus group responses differed from one on one interviews. What I found, was that the disagreements in replies could be attributed to donees non desiring to belie the dominant patriarchal system in forepart of others. Observation In order to guarantee triangulation, I used a direct observation that ranged from formal to insouciant informations aggregation activities ( yin, 2009: 199 ) . As those sorts of studies have neer been done before by Floresta, I used this method in meetings and field visits. Observation is frequently utile in supplying extra information about the subject being studied. I agree with O Leary, that the observation allows you to acquire a sense of world and work through the complexnesss of societal interaction. 4.5 Ethical motives While there is no institutional reappraisal procedure here at ISS, I guarantee that the findings are existent and do be in the field every bit good as the beginnings ( secondary and primary informations used ) . The ethical guidelines of ISS have been followed in my research. Anonymity was ensured, so that this papers can be used by Floresta in the hereafter for other intents. In respects to carry oning the study, I ensured informed consent was received from the host staff of NGOs and community members. In the focal point group, ethical issues were respected such as gender equilibrium and hierarchal power dealingss. I was guaranting that adult females were allowed to talk every bit much as work forces. Harmonizing to OLearly ( 2010 ) , confidentiality involves protecting the individuality of those who provide to the researcher their informations. For my instance, the adult females I interviewed wanted to keep privateness because there exists a possibility that the paper can be used in the hereafter by Floresta. 4.6 Restrictions of the research I did non acquire the chance to speak to some other International Organizations such as UN Women ( United Nations Women ) which claim to advance adult females s authorization. However, I spoke to one International ONG in Burundi.

Definition and Examples of Interrogatives in English

Definition and Examples of Interrogatives in English In English grammar, an interrogative (pronounced in-te-ROG-a-tiv) is a word that introduces a question  which cant be simply answered with yes or no. Also known as an interrogative word. Interrogatives are sometimes called question  words because of their function, or wh- words because of their most common initial letters:  who (with whom and whose), what, where, when, why, . . . and how).  Ã‚   A sentence that asks a question (whether or not it contains an interrogative word) is called an interrogative sentence. Etymology: From the Latin, to ask Examples and Observations Thomas Klammer and Muriel SchulzInterrogatives begin direct questions. In addition to signaling that a question will follow, each plays some grammatical role in the sentence that it begins. . . . Interrogatives also function to introduce indirect questions.Edward de BonnoIf you never change your mind, why have one?Charles De GaulleHow can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?Phil EverlyIve been cheated, been mistreatedWhen will I be loved?William FaulknerWhat are you talking so loud for Nancy? Caddy said.Who, me? Nancy said.And these last fifty thousand hours? These have been spent studying the sword?William GoldmanInigo nodded.Where?Wherever I could find a master. Venice, Bruge, Budapest.Rosa ParksHe pointed at me and said, that one wont stand up. The two policemen came near me and only one spoke to me. He asked me if the driver had asked me to stand up? I said, yes. He asked me why I didnt stand up. I told him I didnt think I should have to stand up. So I asked hi m: Why do you push us around? And he told me, I dont know, but the law is the law and you are under arrest. Walker PercyWhat is the malaise? you ask. The malaise is the pain of loss. The world is lost to you, the world and the people in it, and there remains only you and the world and you no more able to be in the world than Banquos ghost. Subordinating Conjunctions and Interrogative Words James R. Hurford[S]ome, but not all, subordinating conjunctions can also occur as interrogative words, e.g. when and where. Thus when is a subordinating conjunction in I was here when you came; but it is an interrogative word in When did you come?...Some exclamations begin with the words what and how, which are also interrogative words. Examples of their use in exclamations are What a lovely baby that is! and How prettily it gurgles! But these are not interrogative sentences. Moving to Why Mitchell Stevens[N]ow that who, what, when, and where  have been cheapened by overexposure on the Internet, why has gained value. It requires thought. It sometimes requires expertise. Yet it provides an element often missing in traditional  journalism: an explanation. When applied to sources,  . . . the why enables journalists to get beyond a simple stenographic report of who is asserting what. It enables them to move toward deeper understanding.

Con law 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Con law 1 - Essay Example The information also stated that some illegal betting equipment might also be present in that home. Mapp refused to allow them permission to enter and search the home as the police officers did not have a search warrant as required in law. The officers forcibly entered the home and searched it, without producing a search warrant to Mapp. As it turned out the officers did not find any of the things that they had come to search for, but instead they found some pornographic materials in the house. As a result, they arrested Mapp and charged her for being in possession of pornographic material, and later sentenced. At the trial, the prosecution did not produce a search warrant as evidence (Mapp v. Ohio. 1961). The Supreme Court upheld that evidence acquired illegally is inadmissible in State courts; since the law could not be properly upheld if illegally obtained evidence was to be admitted in court. This exception seemed as the most effective means of upholding professionalism of the po lice officers in execution of their duties. Even though there was concern on the basis that this rule may result in criminals going scot-free, it was obvious that upholding police professionalism, in some great extent, outweighed this concern. This case served as one of the significant cases that played a great role in re-evaluating the role of the fourth amendment in the judiciary (Mapp v. Ohio. 1961). Exclusionary Rule The general rule of the Exclusionary Rule is that any evidence gathered in violation of the fourth amendment is inadmissible in court. This rule states that if police officers contravene a person’s constitutional rights, in their pursuit of evidence, they cannot use that evidence against the person. The exclusionary rule serves as a very important remedy against improper searches by the police officers. It can be of great use in the general protection of the citizens’ rights. This rule is a creation of the court so us to uphold the Constitutional amend ments that were made. Courts are keen in applying the rule in order to exclude illegally obtained evidence where the costs of exclusion are greater than its deterrent or remedial benefits (Tomkovicz, 2009). The Supreme Court sets up the provisions of the Bill of Rights against the state on many occasions. The question that arises is whether the court will continue supporting the same principles imposed on the federal states against the State. Most of the court decisions are in support of this idea of using the same standards for both types of states (Tomkovicz, 2009). However, there are several exceptions to the general rule. These exceptions include non-trial criminal proceedings for example, bail proceedings, and a proceeding in revoking parole as an exception. It holds that constitutionally, there may be admission of evidence obtained illegally in such non-trial criminal proceedings. Another exception is the arraignment of the defendant. This exception enables the prosecutor to p roduce evidence illegally obtained from the defendant if only the purpose is to impeach the defendant. However, such evidence may be in-admissible for the purpose of impeaching other witnesses of the defense, as it was held in James v Illinois, 493 U.S 307 (1990). â€Å"Good faith† is also an exception of the general rule. It states that evidence obtained illegally by a police officer in belief that either the search does not require

Reports on Penetration Testing on Operating Systems and Database Research Paper

Reports on Penetration Testing on Operating Systems and Database Security to Ensure Reliabilty and Integrity - Research Paper Example In the context of penetration testing on operating systems, it can be affirmed that the aspect i.e. penetration testing is often viewed as an elementary area of information systems based on security engineering (McDermott, 2001). In precise, the facet of penetration testing is often regarded as ‘pen testing’ or ‘security testing’ method which tends to assess the safety of a computer network or system by testing it from the viewpoint of an attacker i.e. a hacker or a cracker. This significant aspect i.e. penetration testing cannot be duly considered as an alternative to other security measures related to information technology (IT). Rather, it is regarded as the approach which significantly assures the security of a network or system in terms of protecting it from being attacked by an intruder (Brown Computer Science, 2010). Techniques of Penetration Testing on Operating Systems The different techniques of penetration testing on operating systems can be appar ently observed as gathering valuable information, scanning internet protocol (IP) addresses, performing fingerprinting, recognizing vulnerable services, exploiting vulnerability activities and finally fixing major problems. The prime intention of the technique i.e. gathering valuable information is to determine the diverse range of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses possessed by an organization. ... tice concerning the recognition of vulnerable service targets is performed to gain greater access to the operating systems along with ensuring that the operating systems are not harmed internally or externally. The technique linked with exploiting vulnerability activities enables to exploit certain detected vulnerabilities such as buffer and heal overflow, code injection, cross-site scripting and SQL injection among others. The prime intention of the technique related to fixing major problems is to recognize the active ports that run on the operating systems. The identification of these active ports might support to protect the operating systems through developing along with upgrading client/server architecture, conducting thorough or non-destructive tests and constructing vulnerability mapping among others (Brown Computer Science, 2010). Thus, on the basis of the above discussion, it can be affirmed from a broader outlook that the aforesaid techniques would certainly facilitate to p rotect the operating networks or systems by a significant level. Significance of Penetration Testing on Operating Systems In this high-tech era, the importance of penetration testing especially within the periphery of operating systems has gained relevance by a considerable level. The procedure of conducting an effectual penetration test enables to confirm that new along with existing operating systems and networks are not susceptible to security risks that might permit unlawful access to exploit valuable resources. It can be observed over a few preceding years that the business corporations in this present era are adopting and executing modern technological tools such as advanced operating systems for the purpose of delivering quality and effective services to the consumers. The broader

Delegation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delegation - Essay Example As the paper declares assignments that supposed to be delegated are those that will interest staff and make them content to be working on the assignment. Why do people like work? The respond is that the work one takes pleasure in involves learning new skills, is to some extent imperative and conceivably will obtain for staff members some credit and add to their status and future employability. This essay declares that to achieve those purposes, the human resources ought to be evaluated. Finding the right individual who will be thrilled about the assignment and advantage from it is crucial. A delegated assignment should intrinsically be a learning course for the individual accountable for it. On the other hand, the staff member chosen should have suitable acquaintance and skills to comprehend the nature and scope of the project. If the Elementary School Principal can sense an eagerness about the prospect, which is a hint that the correct staff member has been chosen for delegation of the assignment. As Fairfax County Public Schools uses delegation for development, evaluating and harmonizing the assignments to all human resources transforms increasingly significant. Giving development opportunities to only a few staff members will shortcut the Fairfax County Public Schools' capability to extend human resources with manifold skills and talents. Leaving some staff members out of the probability for development will also lead to turnover of otherwise excellent and productive human resources.

Critiquing a Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critiquing a Website - Essay Example The website being evaluated in this report is the www.southalabama.edu/alumni. It is used by old students and friends to establish connections with the alumni association of the University of South Alabama. Visitors can access the latest news regarding the alumni activities and also take membership if they meet the criteria. The website also has a newsletter which updates the members about the latest happenings. Information is also available about scholarships along with forms. Ferocious jaguar eyes are what that greet you when you visit the homepage of the University of South Alabama National Alumni Association. The dark background against the bright colored banner does not have a desirable visual effect. One could nearly miss the white colored title of the webpage as it is overshadowed by the bright color of the banner. There are more than half a dozen links that are crammed up on the left side of the page. One needs to actually hunt for the "Home" link. It is the 16th link from the top and has small paw icon associated with it. There is no uniformity in the links on the left side of the page as some of them have tiny icons associated with them and some don't. There is description present on the homepage about the alumni which is too short. The homepage has two links with different names which open up to the same page, "Alumni Board" and "Board of directors ". Similarly "Contact Us "is linked thrice on the homepage and that is redundant. Apart from this there are different font sizes and bold text used in

The literature of exile and imaginary homelands in salman rushdie, Essay

The literature of exile and imaginary homelands in salman rushdie, bharati mukherjee, and v. s. naipaul - Essay Example The exile is not (he cannot be, he cannot exist) -- at least in the common Western conception of being -- but is rather the sum of competing and contradictory forces that play out over the surface of the exiles being, without ever constituting a rigid and single edifice. If the exile can be said to have a "being" at all, then, it can only be understood to be one that is based on the formation of certain circumstances, of history, of discourse, of culture--what Walter Benjamin might have called a "constellation."1 However, these very structures--history, discourse, culture--can no longer be considered looming edifices of constitutive control and hegemonic power, after the experience of the exile as portrayed in these novels they lose some of their force. For the strange logic of the exile invades these structrues too, works within them too, and they (the structures), like the exile, cannot be considered single, unitary, or stable. The exile steals from them their authority by the power of his or her interruption. The exile too follow this logic and the structure which both pervades the exiled individual, and which gives him or her the power for resistance. In the preceding analyses of the writings of Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, and V. S. Naipaul, I have attempted to chart the trajectory of the logic of the exile as it passes through their writing. I have tried to put into the words (however problematically) the flow of constitution and dissolution that occurs on the boundary of both language and self, and which is what forms the particular literary power of these writers, and determines their placement as writers of the post-colonial situation. Now, in this conclusion, I would like to situate these various writers back into a dialogue with both the theory and practice of post-colonial scholarship, and attempt to see precisely how the various movements within and between the six texts that I have concentrated upon play themselves out against the wider background of the post-colonial situation. Perhaps more importantly, I wish to cement the argument I speculatively began in the preceding chapters that these three writers, though extremely different in matters of style, material, and/or execution, all present a seriously radical answer to the malaise that the post-colonial situation presents. They are certainly not, as some critics have presented them, writers who have benefited from the comforts of exile, and have been accepted into the mainstream of their chosen land (for Naipaul, England; for Mukherjee, the United States; for Rushdie, England and the United States ) unproblematically. None of them are conservative, nor are they apolitical. However, they do come to the notion of a post-colonial politics with a new mode of functioning and from a new place of departure. Their politics is not of the old kind, but of a markedly new and total aspect: the target of their revolutionary destruction cannot be put in such simple terms as party, nation or racial groups. Let us consider the various kinds of exile that make up the cast of characters within Midnight's Children, The Satanic Verses, Jasmine, The Holder of the World, The Mimic Men, and The Enigma of Arrival. In all cases these novels concentrate on the personal nature of the central character's exile. In

Ryanairs Internal Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ryanairs Internal Structure - Essay Example In addition, it offered better-quality value-adding operations which were conducted in an efficient manner. Ryanair also retained possession of the resource base which was needed to carry out the value-adding operations. It is an established fact that an organization’s corporate strategy is what creates the drive to realize corporate objectives. This paper will seek to describe the fundamental corporate structures of the Ryanair airline, while also commenting on recommendations that will help in highlighting its best qualities for the purpose of maintaining its competitive advantage. In 1985, Ryanair was officially launched by Tony Ryan in Ireland. At the start, Ryanair had a small staff of 25 employees. The three men only had a turbo-prop plane with which to ferry commuters between Gatwick Airport and Waterford, which is located in southeast Ireland. Gatwick is still the second busiest airfield in England. The rapid increase in the popularity of Ryanair made Britain’s regulatory authorities take notice of it. Soon, it was allowed to operate with four flights on a daily basis. Ryanair quickly developed, and began to attract even more passengers across the UK. Today, Ryanair is considered to be Europe’s oldest low-cost airline. Today, Ryanair has to deal with a lot of challenges that are posted because of the presence of low-cost carriers such as BMI Baby, EasyJet, and Thomson, which also operate between Ireland and Britain. For a long time, Ryanair attracted larger numbers of passengers because of its low prices, and several destinations points. Ryanair also marketed itself aggressively, and so was able to cultivate valuable relationships with operators in airports in different cities. Ryanair also made significant changes which were received well by passengers. For instance, in the past, Ryanair would only procure used planes so as to save on costs. However, the airline  changed this trend as it benefited from increased proceeds.  

The literature of exile and imaginary homelands in salman rushdie, Essay

The literature of exile and imaginary homelands in salman rushdie, bharati mukherjee, and v. s. naipaul - Essay Example The exile is not (he cannot be, he cannot exist) -- at least in the common Western conception of being -- but is rather the sum of competing and contradictory forces that play out over the surface of the exiles being, without ever constituting a rigid and single edifice. If the exile can be said to have a "being" at all, then, it can only be understood to be one that is based on the formation of certain circumstances, of history, of discourse, of culture--what Walter Benjamin might have called a "constellation."1 However, these very structures--history, discourse, culture--can no longer be considered looming edifices of constitutive control and hegemonic power, after the experience of the exile as portrayed in these novels they lose some of their force. For the strange logic of the exile invades these structrues too, works within them too, and they (the structures), like the exile, cannot be considered single, unitary, or stable. The exile steals from them their authority by the power of his or her interruption. The exile too follow this logic and the structure which both pervades the exiled individual, and which gives him or her the power for resistance. In the preceding analyses of the writings of Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, and V. S. Naipaul, I have attempted to chart the trajectory of the logic of the exile as it passes through their writing. I have tried to put into the words (however problematically) the flow of constitution and dissolution that occurs on the boundary of both language and self, and which is what forms the particular literary power of these writers, and determines their placement as writers of the post-colonial situation. Now, in this conclusion, I would like to situate these various writers back into a dialogue with both the theory and practice of post-colonial scholarship, and attempt to see precisely how the various movements within and between the six texts that I have concentrated upon play themselves out against the wider background of the post-colonial situation. Perhaps more importantly, I wish to cement the argument I speculatively began in the preceding chapters that these three writers, though extremely different in matters of style, material, and/or execution, all present a seriously radical answer to the malaise that the post-colonial situation presents. They are certainly not, as some critics have presented them, writers who have benefited from the comforts of exile, and have been accepted into the mainstream of their chosen land (for Naipaul, England; for Mukherjee, the United States; for Rushdie, England and the United States ) unproblematically. None of them are conservative, nor are they apolitical. However, they do come to the notion of a post-colonial politics with a new mode of functioning and from a new place of departure. Their politics is not of the old kind, but of a markedly new and total aspect: the target of their revolutionary destruction cannot be put in such simple terms as party, nation or racial groups. Let us consider the various kinds of exile that make up the cast of characters within Midnight's Children, The Satanic Verses, Jasmine, The Holder of the World, The Mimic Men, and The Enigma of Arrival. In all cases these novels concentrate on the personal nature of the central character's exile. In

The impact of the new technologies is revolutionising typographic Essay

The impact of the new technologies is revolutionising typographic practice. How is typograhpy and the role of typographic designers changing to meet new challen - Essay Example drew Haslam (2005), in their book Type and Typography, referred to the term as that concerned with the creation of typefaces and their arrangement to convey a message. (introduction) There are various other versions of these definitions but it all boils down to one thing: Typography’s existence occurred sometime in the 15th century and is tied with the invention of the printing press because it was responsible for the mechanical notation and arrangement of language. To borrow the words of Philipp Meggs, Rob Carter and Ben Day (2002): â€Å"The development of printing technology so drastically changed the nature of written communication that the term typography was coined to describe the study, use, and design of sets of identical repeated letterforms. According to Meggs, Carter and Day, the invention of typography was, in fact, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, writing that the earliest mechanization of a handicraft is the hand-lettering of books. (p. 103) With the above information established, we underscore that typography evolves because of technology and thus, have had slightly differing meanings at different periods of history. In the age of the metal type, for instance, type and typeface were distinguished from each other, while in today’s digital age, they are used interchangeably. This will discussed, further later on. Peter Bil’ak offered us an interesting perspective when he said that typography should not be connected to any specific medium because it tends to change and evolve. The idea is that we continue to define and redefine the visual systems of visual language. We see this in the great leap we have achieved since the cave paintings to the synthesis of the digital pictographs. Tova Rabinowitz (2006) tells us that the widespread participation in typography’s recent evolution and its vibrant and experimental nature present an optimistic outlook for the continuation of type as a vehicle for expression and a democratizing cultural

Drug trafficking Essay Example for Free

Drug trafficking Essay What do you think the crime that occurs the most in the world is? Is it gang related activity? Prostitution maybe? The answer to this question is drugs and drug trafficking. If we make drug legal, will drug trafficking stop? In this essay I will talk about the perspectives of countries on drug trafficking. Firstly, what is drug trafficking? Drug trafficking is the production and distribution of drugs around the world through specific routes. The drugs commonly traded are cocaine, heroin, opium and marijuana. Even though drug trafficking is illegal in lots of countries, people still do it for the same reason, the need for money. The job is also quite easy so it’s easy money, and it’s also very profitable, but they face a lot of danger getting caught and put into prison. The consequences vary but the punishment will be severe enough to discourage the seller from selling drugs. Drugs’ trafficking is already highly illegal by itself, but this crime also relates to many other crimes such as murder, assault and kidnapping. Drug trafficking is punished much more strictly. The first country that is famous for drug trafficking is Afghanistan, famous for its opium. More than 90% of the world’s opium is produced in Afghanistan. This type of drug is commonly traded in the â€Å"Golden Crescent†, the name given to the area of opium production covering three countries, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. The reason why opium trades in Afghanistan is because 70% of Afghanistan’s government is involved in opium trafficking. More than a dozen governors are part of the process of opium’s production and distribution.(April 3, 2009,Addiction Blogger, the good drugs guide) The second country which is famous for drugs is Mexico. Famous for its marijuana and methamphetamine. There are 4 major drug cartels in Mexico, the Gulf, Juarez, Tijuana and the biggest one, the Sinaloa drug cartel owned by Joaquin Guzman, the 701th richest man in the world. These 4 areas are the places where cocaine from America and marijuana from Mexico is distributed and traded. 90% of the cocaine that enters U.S.A goes through Mexico. Mexico is also a main supplier of marijuana and meth for the U.S. These cartels are getting more wealthy and powerful every year. There is also a drug war in Mexico, causing thousands of death between rival drug cartels. (April 3, 2009,Addiction Blogger, the good drugs guide) The third and last country that is famous for the drug industry that I’m going to talk about is Bolivia. Bolivia is ranked third for cocaine production, after Peru and Colombia. This country has 28,900 hectares of its land farming cocaine, double what Bolivian law allows. The reason why this is not a worry for the government is because the current president, Evo Morales was the head of the â€Å"Cocaine growers association† before he became the president. Apart from being a top cocaine producer, Bolivia is assuming the role of a major transit point for cocaine shipments from Peru to Brazil. (April 3, 2009,Addiction Blogger, the good drugs guide) Drugs do not have much value alone. If you make them illegal, this gives them a huge â€Å"price support† to drug sellers/traffickers. They make very big profits, and so they need violence and corruption as protection. This is why the gangs are so ruthless. The only way to stop drug trafficking is to legalize it. If drugs are legal, we can tax them. The corrupt banks and companies who do not pay tax and support the drug industry would have to start paying tax. Then we might catch some criminals. The government spends a lot of money to stop trafficking. If it stop they can use these thousands of millions of dollars for social support. Then not so many people will die of overdoses.

Ecstasy Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Article 1 C) Source of Article: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Title of Article: Navy Medicine Steps Up to Help Prevent Ecstasy Abuse A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Talks about how the military is not protected by ecstasy abuse. They may have a zero tolerance mentality about it but that still does not stop people from accessing it. The Navy found a medicine that makes hiding of having the trace of ecstasy on a person harder to hide. They found a better way to detect ecstasy with a certain drug exam that is ahead of technology. Instead if a normal test for amphetamines they found a new agent that can even trace the smallest amount of ecstasy on a person system. This medicine has been tested for the past two years and was tested again before they sent out the troops to go to Afghanistan. Ecstasy symptoms can be decreased facility to regulate sleep and emotions, as well as increase changes in hear attack, stroke and possibility of death. Hopefully this will shorten the amount of people using drugs like ecstasy in any military branch while on task. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The authors idea with writing this article is that ecstasy abuse will be eliminated from all military branches. This idea is backed up with what he said about the testing results, â€Å"Navy Medicine also tested the product at the Navy Drug Screening Lab in Jacksonville, Fla., before rolling it out to the troops†. This comment by the author can be interpreted as successful results. Another of the author’s ideas or comments is that he claims to say that ecstasy abuse is rising in all over the country, and that the military should get more involved to stop it. The military is improving ecstasy testing on humans. â€Å"Although the Navy maintains a zero-tolerance position on drug abuse†, this means they are doing their best to stop drug abuse, and they are improving testing methods. Article 2 C) Source of Article: Naval Media Center and Bureau of Naval Personnel Title of Article: From Ecstasy to Agony Author: Capt. John Jemionek and Jo1 Joseph Date: Unknown A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He gives some of the street names for ecstasy and he calls it the club drug mostly because it is used at raves and such parties. Also goes on to call it the â€Å"safe drug†. Then even more he gets an in depth look of how the drugs looks and that it comes in a capsule about the size of an aspirin in po... ...zing on increased demand for the drug in the United States. Authorities are especially concerned about the role of organized crime in Ecstasy trafficking. Russian mafias have recently forged relationships with European traffickers and begun to dominate the global Ecstasy trade. The profit potential of Ecstasy is huge for such traffickers. Ecstasy tablets can be bought in Amsterdam for as little as 50 cents to $2 each. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this article the writer talks about the urgency that our grate nation has over this simple deadly looking pill. He gives explicit detail in his believed and has insight information about the drug trafficking ways. By some sort f thought the writer believes that the drugs are sponsoring terrorism and that people in the Middle East and Russia use this money to buy weapons. He also talks about the Columbians trafficking ecstasy to the United States. Says that our nation is in great fear of this drug and what it can cause to our society. The writer believes that these drugs are going destroy America little by little by destroying the youth of America. Then with this they can invade the nation and destroy everything that we have built.